The BCG vaccine was first used in humans in 1921.

It was subsequently discovered that the BCG administered had been contaminated with a virulent strain that was being stored in the same incubator, and led to legal action being taken against the manufacturers of BCG.

In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations ( predecessor to the WHO ).

The first large-scale trial evaluating the efficacy of BCG was conducted from 1956 to 1963, and involved 54, 239 school children who received BCG at the age of 14 or 15 ; this study showed an efficacy of 84 % up to five years after immunization.

The Birmingham BCG trial was published in 1988.

In this study, the UK school children had a low baseline cellular immunity to mycobacteria which was increased by BCG ; in contrast, the Malawi school children had a high baseline cellular immunity to mycobacteria and this was not significantly increased by BCG.

* United Kingdom: The UK introduced universal BCG immunization in 1953, and until 2005, the UK policy was to immunize all school children at the age of 13, and all neonates born into high-risk groups.

Styblo and Meijer argued neonatal immunization protected against miliary TB and other noncontagious forms of TB, and not pulmonary TB which was a disease of adults, and that mass immunization campaigns with BCG would therefore not be expected to have a significant public health impact.

For these and other reasons, BCG was therefore given to time with the peak incidence of pulmonary disease.

Routine immunization with BCG was withdrawn in 2005 because of falling cost-effectiveness: whereas in 1953, 94 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB, by 1988, the annual incidence of TB in the UK had fallen so much, 12, 000 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB.

* Other countries: In some countries, such as the former USSR, BCG was given regularly throughout life.

In South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Malaysia, BCG was given at birth and again at age 12.

Pacis ® BCG, made from the Montréal ( Institut Armand-Frappier ) strain, was first marketed by Urocor in about 2002.

Improvements were made in nursing accommodation in order to recruit more nurses and reduce labour shortages which were keeping 60, 000 beds out of use, and efforts were made to reduce the imbalance “ between an excess of fever and tuberculosis ( TB ) beds and a shortage of maternity beds .” In addition, BCG vaccinations were introduced for the protection of medical students, midwives, nurses, and contacts of patients with TB, while a pension scheme was set up for employees of the newly-established NHS.

1951: BCG Vaccination programme was launched

WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex in 1947, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive ( using the BCG vaccine ) was under way.

The General Business Screen was originally developed to help marketing managers overcome the problems that are commonly associated with the Boston Matrix ( BCG ), such as the problems with the lack of credible business information, the fact that BCG deals primarily with commodities not brands or Strategic Business Units ( SBU's ), and that cashflow is often a more reliable indicator of position as opposed to market growth / share.

Bacillus Calmette – Guérin ( or Bacille Calmette – Guérin, BCG ) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated ( weakened ) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured ( 230 passages ) in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In case of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer the TUR is initself the treatment, but in case of muscle invasive cancer, the procedure is insufficient for final treatment. Immunotherapy in the form of BCG instillation is also used to treat and prevent the recurrence of superficial tumors.

The company has also formed a joint-venture Beijing MTR Corp. Ltd. with Beijing Capital Group (" BCG "), and the Beijing Infrastructure Investment Co. (" BIIC ") to build and operate Line 4 of Beijing Subway and its extension Daxing Line of Beijing Metro for 30 years since its inauguration.

Participants who received BCG vaccination also experienced a transient increase in the number of circulating dead autoreactive T cells against insulin.

One participant who was randomized to the placebo arm also had similar rises in C-peptide and dead autoreactive T cells after unexpectedly developing an acute infection with the Epstein-Barr virus, which, similar to BCG vaccination, is known to induce TNF.

In both countries, BCG vaccination is not routinely given to adults because it is felt that having a reliable Mantoux test and being able to accurately detect active disease is more beneficial to society than vaccinating against a relatively rare ( in those countries ) condition.

BCG vaccination is recommended to be given intradermally by a nurse skilled in the technique.

The age of the patient and the frequency with which BCG is given has always varied from country to country.

* WHO BCG policy: The WHO recommend BCG be given to all children born in countries highly endemic for TB because it protects against miliary TB and TB meningitis.

According to Brazilian law, BCG is given again to professionals of the health sector and to people close to patients with tuberculosis or leprosy.

Someone with a positive tuberculin reaction is not given BCG, because the risk of severe local inflammation and scarring is high, not because of the common misconception that tuberculin reactors " are already immune " and therefore do not need BCG.

BCG is given as a single intradermal injection at the insertion of the deltoid.

If BCG is accidentally given subcutaneously, then a local abscess may form ( a BCG-oma ) that can sometimes ulcerate, and may require treatment with antibiotics.

BCG vaccine should be given intradermally.

If BCG is accidentally given to an immunocompromised patient ( e. g., an infant with SCID ), it can cause disseminated or life-threatening infection.

* July 18 – The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given.

* Buruli ulcer: BCG may protect against or delay the onset of Buruli ulcer.

* Interstitial cystitis ( IC ) or painful bladder syndrome ( PBS ): BCG has been useful in treating some people with IC and / or PBS, which are chronic inflammatory bladder problems with unknown etiology.

Administering BCG to someone who already has a nonspecific immune response against mycobacteria does not augment the response already there.

Patients who exhibit a negative reaction to the test may be offered BCG vaccination.

One study ( Slater and Zwirlein, 1992 ) which looked at 129 firms found that those who follow portfolio planning models like the BCG matrix had lower shareholder returns.

In previous human trials, BCG has not generally been shown to have a benefit in the prevention of type 1 diabetes or remission of the disease in those who are newly diagnosed, although one study from Israel did show a benefit ( disease remission ) in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.

Among his many pupils who became famous, was Camille Guérin, co-discoverer of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ).

The reasons for variable efficacy have been discussed at length in a WHO document on BCG.

UVB has been demonstrated to reduce efficacy of BCG vaccine in laboratory guinea pigs.

* Multiple sclerosis: In humans, BCG has been shown to substantially reduce recurrence of symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients.

While theoretically useful, and widely used, several academic studies have called into question whether using the BCG matrix actually helps businesses succeed, and the model has since been removed from some major marketing textbooks.

Faustman hypothesizes that the optimal dosing of BCG has not been utilized in previous trials.