John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

Emperor Joseph II however made a preliminary pact to make a neighbour of Luxembourg, Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, as Duke of Luxembourg and king in the Low Countries, in exchange of his possessions in Bavaria and Franconia.

Boniface balanced this support and attempted to maintain some independence, however, by attaining the support of the papacy and of the Agilolfing rulers of Bavaria.

The myth, however, is found on a BBC-Devon website, in an account which places Geismar in Bavaria, and in a number of educational books, including St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree, The Brightest Star of All: Christmas Stories for the Family ,, The American normal readers.

Otto III's right to the throne, however, was supported by Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, and the Dukes of Saxony, Bavaria, and Swabia.

Ottokar, however, raised questions about the execution of the treaty, made an alliance with some Piast chiefs of Poland, and procured the support of several German princes, again including Henry XIII of Lower Bavaria.

Upon his swift reinstatement, however, the Emperor Louis made peace with his son Louis and restored Bavaria ( never actually lost ) to him ( 836 ).

Edward III of England, however, in 1364-65, in the name of his wife Philippa, demanded the return of Hainaut and other inheritances which had been given over to the Dukes of Bavaria – Straubing.

Duke Henry's son Henry II " the Quarreller " however from 974 on revolted against his cousin Emperor Otto II, whereafter he was deposed as Duke of Bavaria in favour of Otto's nephew Duke Otto I of Swabia.

On their return, however, Duke Arnulf the Bad of Bavaria inflicted a reverse upon them on the Rott, but in 910 they, in their turn, defeated Louis the Child's army near Augsburg.

He was reluctant to re-marry ; however, for political reasons, he married Maria Josepha of Bavaria in 1765.

The Old Catholic Communion, however, was formally constituted, with Joseph Hubert Reinkens at its head as bishop, and it still continues to exist in Germany as a whole and, more marginally, in Bavaria.

In 1441 Charles VIII had to abdicate in favour of Christopher of Bavaria, who was already king of Denmark and Norway ; however, upon the death of Christopher in 1448, a state of confusion ensued in the course of which Charles VIII was twice reinstated and twice expelled again.

The Emperor, however, favoured Joseph Clement, the brother of Maximilian Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.

In the 2008 local elections however, the party won 38 seats ( compared to 32 in 2002 ), mostly in Upper Bavaria, including one of the 80 seats in the City Council of Munich, the 1. 3 million capital, after 42 years of absence there.

The greater powers, however, were for one reason or another unwilling to intervene, and the only practical outcome of Chlodwig's action was that in Bavaria the powerful ultramontane party combined against him with the Bavarian patriots who accused him of bartering away Bavarian independence to Prussia.

The states were re-established after World War II, however from 1952 only Bavaria still called itself a Free State and that made Freistaat a synonym for Bavaria.

In Austria-Hungary and Bavaria, however, it would by contrast be inserted between the given and the family name ( e. g. Hans Freiherr von Schwarz ).

In that year, however, he came into contact with the Germanenorden, and was subsequently appointed the Ordensmeister ( local group leader ) for the Bavaria division of the schismatic Germanenorden Walvater of the Holy Grail.

By then, however, Sebottendorff had left the Thule Society and Bavaria, having been accused of negligence in allegedly allowing the names of several key Thule Society members to fall into the hands of the government of the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic, resulting in the execution of seven members after the attack on the Munich government in April 1919, an accusation that he never denied.

In Greece, he is occasionally called King Otto ( βασιλιάς Όθων ), probably in allusion to King Otto of Greece from Bavaria, however he already had this nickname during his coaching career in Germany.

The internal struggles, however, did not end, because on 6 December 1305 a new claimant, Otto III, Duke of Bavaria was crowned King of Hungary.

He also met Count Rumford ( born Benjamin Thompson in Woburn, Mass. ) who was then serving the Elector of Bavaria, and the physicist Ritter ; ;

Alfons Maria Jakob ( 2 July 1884, Aschaffenburg / Bavaria – 17 October 1931, Hamburg ) was a German neurologist with important contributions on neuropathology.

In 1256, the castrum of Abensprech was first mentioned, and on 12 June 1348, Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg, and his brother, Stephen, Duke of Bavaria, raised Abensberg to the status of a city, giving it the right to operate lower courts, enclose itself with a wall and hold markets.

Although Abensberg was an autonomous city, it remained dependent on the powerful Dukes of Bavaria.

Abensberg then lost its independence and became a part of the Duchy of Bavaria, and from then on was administered by a ducal official, the so-called caretaker.

Aventinus, whose name was real name is Johann or Johannes Turmair ( Aventinus being the Latin name of his birthplace ) wrote the Annals of Bavaria, a valuable record of the early history of Germany and the first major written work on the subject.

Until 1800, Abensberg was a municipality belonging to the Straubing district of the Electorate of Bavaria.

Historic Swabia was eventually replaced by today's Baden-Württemberg, but it had been the most significant territory of mediaeval Alamannia, comprising all Germania Superior and territory east to Bavaria.

Agnes Maria of Andechs-Merania ( died 1201 ), queen of France, was the daughter of Bertold IV ( died 1204 ), who was Count of Andechs, a castle and territory near Ammersee, Bavaria and from 1183 duke of Merania ( Istria ).

Albertus was born sometime between 1193 and 1206 to the Count of Bollstädt in Lauingen in Bavaria.

Diabelli was trained to enter the priesthood and in 1800 he joined the monastery at Raitenhaslach, Bavaria.

Alois Alzheimer was born in Marktbreit, Bavaria on 14 June 1864.

His rather atypical Battle of Issus ( or of Alexander ) of 1529 was commissioned by William IV, Duke of Bavaria as part of a series of eight historical battle scenes destined to hang in the Residenz in Munich.

Arnulf was, according to most sources, the illegitimate son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, and his concubine Liutswind, perhaps of Carantanian origin, and possibly the sister of Ernst, Count of the Bavarian Nordgau Margraviate in the area of the Upper Palatinate, or perhaps the burgrave of Passau, as some sources say.

Arnulf was granted the Duchy of Carinthia, a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Carantania, by his father Carloman, after Carloman had become reconciled with his own father Louis the German and was created King of Bavaria.

After Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke in 879, Louis the Younger inherited Bavaria, Charles the Fat was given the Kingdom of Italy and Arnulf was confirmed in Carinthia by an agreement with Carloman.

Arnulf had in fact ruled Bavaria during the summer and autumn of 879 while his father arranged his succession and he himself was granted " Pannonia ," in the words of the Annales Fuldenses, or " Carantanum ," in the words of Regino of Prüm.

* February 14 – Pope Benedict VIII recognizes and crowns Henry of Bavaria ( who has ruled since 1003 ) as King of Germany.

From 1648 he ruled in Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate alone, but retained all his Electoral dignities and the seniority of the Palatinate Electorate.

In the tenth century an eastern outpost of the Duchy of Bavaria, east of the River Enns and bordering Hungary, was established as the Marchia orientalis ( March of the East ) in 976, and ruled by the Margraves of Babenberg.

After Berthold became Duke of Bavaria in 938, both territories were ruled by him.

* Arnulf I of Bavaria ( died 937 ) ( ruled 907 – 927 )

In 1269, together with Bamberg, the town became subordinate to the Wittelsbach dynasty that ruled Bavaria.

He held the post of Minister of the Interior from 1950 to 1954, when Bavaria was ruled by a CSU-SPD coalition.

* William II, Duke of Bavaria ( ruled 1404 – 1417 ), also William IV of Hainault

During the years of the Weimar Republic he was head of the Munich Political Police department, and became acquainted with many members of the Nazi Party including Heinrich Himmler, and Reinhard Heydrich, although Müller himself in the Weimar period was generally seen as a supporter of the Bavarian People's Party ( which at that time ruled Bavaria ).

From 900 salt trade is again documented along the Traun River, when the area was part of the Traungau region of the German stem duchy of Bavaria, held by the comital dynasty of the Otakars, who from 1056 also ruled over the neighbouring March of Styria.

The Welf family went on to rule in Bavaria and Hanover, and are ancestral to the British royal family that has ruled since 1714.

The city was chartered in 908 and ruled by a prince-bishop until secularization in 1802, and became a part of Bavaria in 1806.

The next day, Eisner declared Bavaria a " free state " – a declaration which overthrew the monarchy of the Wittelsbach dynasty which had ruled for over 700 years, and Eisner became Minister-President of Bavaria.

The Protestant Reformation was kept out of all the Bavarian part of the diocese, except the Countship of Ortenburg, by the efforts of Ernest of Bavaria who, though never consecrated, ruled the diocese from 1517 to 1541.

As the last of the junior branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty which derived from Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and had ruled Bavaria since early 14th century, Maximilian's death led to a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession.

The proximity of Berengar's march to Bavaria, which Carloman already ruled under his father, may explain their cooperation.

The Agilolfings were a family of either Frankish or Bavarian nobility that ruled the Duchy of Bavaria on behalf of their Merovingian suzerains from about 550 until 788.

In Bavaria, which was ruled by Gustav von Kahr at that time, he formed the Organisation Consul,, and later the Viking Bund, a secret military society.

He ruled Thurgau until 736, when with the death of Hugbert of Bavaria the older line of the Agilofing became extinct and he inherited the rulership of Bavaria, which he held until his death in 748.

In the year 1308, an age when knight fought against knight in armor, when King Ludwig IV ruled Bavaria, the Drei Kronen Brauerei was founded in the small city of Strassgiech, Germany, near the famous castle “ Giechburg ”.