Before the advent of printing, breviaries were written by hand and were often richly decorated with initials and miniature illustrations telling stories in the lives of Christ or the saints, or stories from the Bible.

Before the advent of rock and roll, concept albums had their original heyday in jazz of the early to mid ' 50s with artists such as Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra, the latter of whom would record numerous concept albums for Capitol throughout the last half of the ' 50s such as In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Where Are You?

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Before the advent of computer filter synthesis tools, graphical tools such as Bode plots and Nyquist plots were extensively used as design tools.

Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting ; and monks were expected to memorise everything.

Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the long-distance operator in order to place a toll call.

Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

Before the advent of the touchpad, small trackballs were common on portable computers, where there may be no desk space on which to run a mouse.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before the advent of DVD and Blu-ray, the Video CD ( abbreviated as VCD, and also known as View CD, Compact Disc digital video ) became the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs.

Before the advent of artificial refrigeration, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct wine cellars ( as in parts of the southern United States ) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage.

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering.

Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of mini-computer and mainframe processors ; such as the DEC VAX and Data General Eclipse, and for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals.

Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

Before the advent of disk operating systems and the ability to record large data files, core dumps were paper printouts of the contents of memory, typically arranged in columns of octal or hexadecimal numbers ( a " hex dump "), sometimes accompanied by their interpretations as machine language instructions, text strings, or decimal or floating-point numbers ( cf.

Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.

Before the advent of the codex ( book ), Latin and Greek script was written on scrolls.

Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters.

Before the 1890 Mormon Manifesto against plural marriage, Mormonism and Islam also shared in the belief in and practice of plural marriage, a practice now held in common by Islam and various branches of Mormon fundamentalism.

Before the advent of Islam in Arabia, there is mention of Eid festivals as well as some others among the Arabs.

Before Islam, the crescent was the symbol of Sassanids and after capturing Persian lands, the crescent has been adopted by Muslim Arabs and later by Islamic faith.

Before the wedding, the bride converted to Islam and took the name Tajuddawlah.

Before the advance of Islam in Transoxiana ( early 8th century ), Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and Pahlavi with its roots in the imperial Aramaic script.

Before they married, they both converted to Islam, since Dharmendra was married to Prakash Kaur who refused to divorce him.

Before and after the election, Villiers has been internationally notable for his criticism of Islam in France.

Before the foundation of Jamaat he was known for his writings on the role of Islam in South Asia.

Before his conversion to Islam in 1998, Myatt was the first leader of the British National Socialist Movement ( NSM ), and was identified by the British newspaper, The Observer, as the " ideological heavyweight " behind Combat 18.

Before the 14th century, the star next to the crescent does not seem to have been associated with Islam, and appears in Christian iconography.

* Gender and Human Rights in Islam and International Law: Equal Before Allah, Unequal Before Man?

Before the " Green Book ", Islam was considered one of the ideological sources of official ideology, but the third part of this book, which appeared in the summer of 1979, did not assess its truthfulness on the basis of the precepts of Islam.

Before the advent of Islam in Central Asia, Khatun was the title of the Queen of Bukhara.

Before allowing him to return to Gondeshapur, the caliph invited him to convert to Islam but he declined, saying that he wanted to be with his fathers when he died.

Before the majority of Muslim conversions ( the majority of the former Christians had converted to Islam and then recanted ), the Empire tried to recant on liberty of conscience.

Before the influence of Islam, Arabic music was associated with prostitution and drunken entertainment.

Before converting to Islam in 1986, she was a devout Christian who earned a degree in Christian theology in 1963 at Hull University, and the post-graduate certificate in education in 1964 with distinction in both theory and practice.

Before Umar's conversion to Islam his harsh treatment of his convert slaves was well known.

* Before Islam, Sa ' īd's father, Zayd bin Amr was a hanif, a follower of the monotheistic tradition of Abraham, and hence never worshipped idols nor ate meat slaughtered in the name of idols.

Before the hijra, Muhammad had appointed Mus ` ab ibn ` Umair to carry out dawah ( inviting others to join Islam ), which he did excellently.

:* Chapter 1 Arabia Before Islam