Before the advent of printing, breviaries were written by hand and were often richly decorated with initials and miniature illustrations telling stories in the lives of Christ or the saints, or stories from the Bible.

Before the advent of rock and roll, concept albums had their original heyday in jazz of the early to mid ' 50s with artists such as Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra, the latter of whom would record numerous concept albums for Capitol throughout the last half of the ' 50s such as In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Where Are You?

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Before the advent of computer filter synthesis tools, graphical tools such as Bode plots and Nyquist plots were extensively used as design tools.

Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting ; and monks were expected to memorise everything.

Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the long-distance operator in order to place a toll call.

Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

Before the advent of the touchpad, small trackballs were common on portable computers, where there may be no desk space on which to run a mouse.

" Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib but was personally renamed by Muhammad.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before the advent of DVD and Blu-ray, the Video CD ( abbreviated as VCD, and also known as View CD, Compact Disc digital video ) became the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs.

Before the advent of artificial refrigeration, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct wine cellars ( as in parts of the southern United States ) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage.

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering.

Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of mini-computer and mainframe processors ; such as the DEC VAX and Data General Eclipse, and for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals.

Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

Before the advent of disk operating systems and the ability to record large data files, core dumps were paper printouts of the contents of memory, typically arranged in columns of octal or hexadecimal numbers ( a " hex dump "), sometimes accompanied by their interpretations as machine language instructions, text strings, or decimal or floating-point numbers ( cf.

Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.

Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters.

Before their new codex Necrons were an extremely unique army, having the durability of Space Marines, and focusing largely on firepower, but lacked vehicles and only had two melee units, usually sticking to attrition style warfare, relying on their durability to keep them alive while dwindling down the enemy.

His first book, Before The Brave ( 1936 ), is a collection of poems that are almost all Communistic, but after publication of this book he rejected Communism, and advocated a pacifistic anarchy, though retaining his revolutionary idiom.

Living first in Philadelphia, then seeking refuge close in Virginia, he wrote a book entitled The Prospect Before Us ( read and approved by Vice President Jefferson before publication ) in which he called the Adams administration a " continual tempest of malignant passions " and the President a " repulsive pedant, a gross hypocrite and an unprincipled oppressor ".

In Earnest J. Gaines ' novel, " A Lesson Before Dying " Bayonne, Louisiana is the name of a Cajun town central to the book.

Before the end of the Civil War and the introduction of the 1662 prayer book, something like a half a million prayer books are estimated to have been in circulation.

Before there was an official standard for C, many users and implementors relied on an informal specification contained in a book by Ritchie and Brian Kernighan ; that version is generally referred to as " K & R " C. In 1989 the American National Standards Institute published a standard for C ( generally called " ANSI C " or " C89 ").

Before many copies of the book could be printed, however, the printing press and most of the printed copies were destroyed by a mob in Missouri.

Before becoming president, Madero published another book, this one under the pseudonym of Bhima ( one of Arjuna's brothers in the Mahābhārata ) called a Spiritualist Manual.

Before he had finished, Thatcher " reached into her briefcase and took out a book.

In his book, Two Years Before the Mast ( Chapter VII ), Richard Henry Dana, Jr. described the islands as he found them circa 1834.

" Forever Changes " was included in the book " 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die " that was published in 2005.

Tom Moon, former music critic at the Philadelphia Inquirer, included " Forever Changes " in his 2008 book " 1000 Recordings To Hear Before You Die.

Before it was published, however, the TV series aired " The Seventh ", an episode with a similar core plot point, which forced last-minute revisions to Dillard's book.

* David Fiske, Solomon Northup: His Life Before and After Slavery ( 2012 ), a book about Northup's life during his years in New York State.

Before Limbaugh, their day time talk show hosts were local and not particularly partisan, each quite a bit different from the other, and had diverse conversations on a wide variety of topics from both local and national politics, to food, to interviews with interesting people, book authors, and so forth.

Next, Burton wrote and produced ( but did not direct, due to schedule constraints on Batman Returns ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) for Disney, originally meant to be a children's book in rhyme.

* The Chinese Buddhist monk Huiyuan, who founded the Pure Land Buddhism sect and the monastery on Mount Lushan, writes the book On Why Monks Do Not Bow Down Before Kings in this year.

Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

It is also the second of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

A Night at the Opera is the third and final Queen album to be featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Before he died to was touched by the Great Awakening in the South the book states.

Before writing A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Henry Fowler and his younger brother, Francis George Fowler ( 1871 – 1918 ), wrote and revised The King's English ( 1906 ), a grammar and usage guide later superseded by this book in the 1930s.

Before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract.

Before his departure, Kilmer had contracted with publishers to write a book about the war, deciding upon the title Here and There with the Fighting Sixty-Ninth.