Before the advent of printing, breviaries were written by hand and were often richly decorated with initials and miniature illustrations telling stories in the lives of Christ or the saints, or stories from the Bible.

Before the advent of rock and roll, concept albums had their original heyday in jazz of the early to mid ' 50s with artists such as Nat King Cole and Frank Sinatra, the latter of whom would record numerous concept albums for Capitol throughout the last half of the ' 50s such as In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Where Are You?

Before the advent of fast computing machines, solving a dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels.

Before the advent of modern computers numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting ; and monks were expected to memorise everything.

Before the advent of direct-dialed long distance calls, a subscriber would need to contact the long-distance operator in order to place a toll call.

Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering.

Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up the country's Northeast, part of the reason for the ongoing insurgency in Northeast India.

Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

Before the advent of the touchpad, small trackballs were common on portable computers, where there may be no desk space on which to run a mouse.

" Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib but was personally renamed by Muhammad.

Before the advent of the CCD beam profiler, the beam width was estimated using the knife-edge technique: slice a laser beam with a razor and measure the power of the clipped beam as a function of the razor position.

Before the advent of DVD and Blu-ray, the Video CD ( abbreviated as VCD, and also known as View CD, Compact Disc digital video ) became the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs.

Before the advent of artificial refrigeration, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct wine cellars ( as in parts of the southern United States ) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage.

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering.

Before the advent of VLSI devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of mini-computer and mainframe processors ; such as the DEC VAX and Data General Eclipse, and for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals.

Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs.

Before the advent of disk operating systems and the ability to record large data files, core dumps were paper printouts of the contents of memory, typically arranged in columns of octal or hexadecimal numbers ( a " hex dump "), sometimes accompanied by their interpretations as machine language instructions, text strings, or decimal or floating-point numbers ( cf.

Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was.

Before the advent of the codex ( book ), Latin and Greek script was written on scrolls.

Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters.

Before the RISC philosophy became prominent, many computer architects tried to bridge the so called semantic gap, i. e. to design instruction sets that directly supported high-level programming constructs such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing modes, allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined into single instructions.

Before the DNS was invented in 1982, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS. TXT from a computer at SRI ( now SRI International ).

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the computer age, this was accomplished by the card catalogue — a cabinet ( or multiple cabinets ) containing many drawers filled with index cards that identified books and other materials.

Before the computer mass storage era, most RTTY stations stored text on paper tape using paper tape punchers and readers.

Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into punched cards with keypunch machines.

Before printer's magenta was invented in the 1890s for CMYK printing, and electric magenta was invented in the 1980s for computer displays, these two artificially engineered colors were preceded by the color displayed at right, which is the color originally called fuchsine made from coal tar dyes in the year 1859.

The distinctive appearance of Triceratops has led to them being frequently depicted in films, computer games and documentaries, including the Don Bluth film The Land Before Time, which featured a young Triceratops as a main character, the 1993 film Jurassic Park and the 1999 BBC television documentary Walking with Dinosaurs.

Before the advent of integrated circuits, this method allowed the highest possible component packing density ; because of this, it was used by a number of computer vendors including Control Data Corporation.

Before the advent of personal computers such as the Apple II and the IBM Personal Computer ( IBM PC ), the computer market was dominated by costly mainframes and minicomputers equipped with dumb terminals that time-shared processing time of the central computer.

Before the advent of LCD screens, most computer screens were based on cathode ray tubes ( CRTs ).

Before long, IBM had the best-selling personal computer in the world and at least two of the next-best sellers were, for practical purposes, identical.

Before the introduction of the iPad, Axiotron introduced the Modbook, a heavily modified Apple MacBook, Mac OS X-based tablet computer at Macworld in 2007.

Before the computer era, plaintext most commonly meant message text in the language of the communicating parties.

Before the VS, however, Wang Laboratories was not taken seriously as a computer company.

Before computer generated imagery special effects, these effects were limited to the use of models, false perspective and other in-camera effects, unless the creator could find someone willing to jump from car to car or hang from the edge of a skyscraper: the stunt performer or stunt double.

Before settling in another businesses, contributors to the development of the Svet kompjutera were the following individuals: Stanko Popović ( working independently in computer business ), Stanko Stojiljković ( editor in Ekspres daily newspaper ), Sergej Marcenko ( marketing editor in political weekly magazine NIN ), Andrija Kolundžić ( working independently in computer business in Tokyo, Japan ), Aleksandar Radovanovic ( working at the University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa ), Voja Antonić, Dragoslav Jovanović ( working at the Belgrade University ), Jovan Puzovic ( working at the Belgrade University ), Nenad Balint ( working in IT company in United Kingdom ), Aleksandar Petrović ( manager of a software company in Canada ), Dalibor Lanik ( working as a programmer in Czech Republic ) and many others.

Before Quantum Link, Apple computer had developed its own service, called AppleLink, which was mostly a support network targeted at Apple dealers and developers.

Before she entered Intelligent Systems ( an internal video game developer for Nintendo ), Tsujiyoko worked as a computer programmer for a productivity ( or non-entertainment ) software company.

Before the 1999 – 2000 season, five more computer rankings were added to the system: Richard Billingsley, Richard Dunkel, Kenneth Massey, Herman Matthews / Scripps Howard, and David Rothman.

Before Garibaldi is reprogrammed, he stalls by getting the programmer, Daniel, to reveal his faction's plans to launch a sneak attack on civilian population centers as the start of an all-out war while Garibaldi, who is aware that he is a computer program, hacks into the computer network and broadcasts the conversation.