Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of mountains was explained in Christian contexts as a result of the Biblical Deluge.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems which produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ).

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before the advent of anesthesia, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient suffering.

Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table ( under only local anesthesia ), and observed their responses.

Before 1980, four fetal deaths were reported with ECV, all of which involved general anesthesia.

Before the end of HST, the examination of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons ( FRCS ) must be taken in general surgery plus the subspeciality.

Before surgery or at the onset of childbirth, blood was removed to prevent inflammation.

The album Home Before Dark was written during Farley's struggles with severe chronic back pain, surgery and ongoing recovery.

Before the Middle Ages, it was used as an anesthetic for surgery ; the ancient Romans used it as a poison ( the wife of Emperor Augustus and the wife of Claudius both used it to murder contemporaries ); and predating this, it was used to make poison-tipped arrows.

Before its withdrawal, aprotinin was used in some forms of major surgery to decrease bleeding risk and need for blood products.

Before his surgery, John had won 124 games.

Before the surgery, the patient's corneas are examined with a pachymeter to determine their thickness, and with a topographer, or corneal topography machine, to measure their surface contour.

Before Jeremy reached the age of two he was frequently hospitalised and had undergone surgery for Poland syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that stunted growth in his right hand.

Before surgery Bradford was a skilled machinist, but upon gaining vision, he became confused and unable to work.

Before the 1999 season, Wetteland underwent elbow surgery.

Before surgery every aspect of the shoulder needs to be taken into account.

Before surgery, the tumor resided close to the bone in the right ring finger and was not visible externally.

Before having played a single game for the club, he suffered a groin injury and had to undergo surgery.

Before the revolution, she had longed to become physically female but could not afford surgery.

Before the surgery, he administered an oral anesthetic potion, probably dissolved in wine, in order to induce a state of unconsciousness and partial neuromuscular blockade.

Before the surgery could be performed, however, doctors discovered another lymphatic mass.

Before he had open-heart surgery, President George W. Bush invited Baier and his wife and son to the Oval Office for a visit and had the White House physician update him on Paul's progress.

Before the season, he had surgery on his left wrist, and was not ready for opening day.

Before the surgery, he says to Jack that, regarding the findings of his father's coffin, he hopes it brings him peace.