Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of mountains was explained in Christian contexts as a result of the Biblical Deluge.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems which produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ).

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before the conflict broke out, the Adam Opel AG had established itself as the largest motor vehicle manufacturer in Europe.

Before the advent of the starter motor, engines were started by various methods including wind-up springs, gun powder cylinders, and human-powered techniques such as a removable crank handle which engaged the front of the crankshaft, pulling on an airplane propeller, or pulling a cord that was wound around an open-face pulley.

Before motor transport became common, the Australian wool industry was heavily dependent on itinerant shearers who carried their swags from farm to farm ( called properties or " stations " in Australia ), but would not in general have taken kindly to being called " swagmen ".

Before taking up motor racing, Hill spent several years actively involved in rowing.

Before motor transport was common, foot travel over long distances was essential to agriculture in the Australian bush.

Before the end of inspiration, there is a decline in motor discharge.

Before the vehicle's motor can be started, the driver first must exhale into the device ; if the resultant breath-alcohol concentration analyzed result is greater than the programmed blood alcohol concentration — usually 0. 02 % or 0. 04 %, the device prevents the engine from being started.

Before activation of the direct pathway, these two nuclei were actively sending inhibitory signals to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, which prevented the development of significant activity in the motor cerebral cortices.

Before Massawa fell, Bonnetti had ordered the remaining seven Italian destroyers and the remaining motor torpedo boat ( the other four boats were no longer operational ) to put to sea from Massawa on " do or die " missions.

Before being scuttled by its crew, the Italian motor torpedo boat ( MTB ) MAS-213 torpedoed and damaged the cruiser Capetown.

Before the mid-20th century, a single large motor was often used to drive multiple driving wheels through connecting rods that were very similar to those used on steam locomotives.

Before solid state AC voltage regulation was available or cost effective, motor generator sets were used to provide a variable AC voltage.

Before the Cisitalia, the prevailing approach followed by automobile designers when defining a volume and shaping the shell of an automobile was to treat each part of the body as a separate, distinct element — a box to house the passengers, another for the motor, and headlights as appendages.

Before taking up motor racing fulltime, Richards served his apprenticeship as an aircraft engineer.

Before traversing the mandibular foramen, it first gives off the nerve to the mylohyoid, a motor nerve supplying the mylohyoid and the anterior belly of the digastric.

Before World War I, motor charabancs were used mainly for day trips, as they were not comfortable enough for longer journeys, and were largely replaced by motor buses in the 1920s.

Before World War I they were a major player in the United Kingdom motor industry employing 1200 people and making up to fifty vehicles a week.

Before starting the engine / motor of the saw, the operator should raise the saw blade clear of the working surface, and then allow it to reach operating speed.