Before the late modern era, the abbot was treated with the utmost reverence by the brethren of his house.

Before insurance was established in the late 17th century, " friendly societies " existed in England, in which people donated amounts of money to a general sum that could be used for emergencies.

Before the late 19th century, the word " Lesbian " referred to any derivative or aspect of Lesbos, including a type of wine.

Before the cold war began in the late 1940s, Foot favoured a ' third way ' foreign policy for Europe ( he was joint author with Richard Crossman and Ian Mikardo of the pamphlet Keep Left in 1947 ), but in the wake of the communist seizure of power in Hungary and Czechoslovakia he and Tribune took a strongly anti-communist position, eventually embracing NATO.

Before Tony's death, the brothers collaborated on a miniseries based on the late Robin Cook's novel, Coma for A & E.

Before the late 1970s and early 1980s, it was common for many smaller cities to have their own operators.

Before he dies from a gunshot wound, he tells his ex-wife Siobhan Ryan, the intended victim, about " losing my timing so late in my career ".

Before cable-ready TV sets became common in the late 1980s, an electronic tuning device called a cable converter box was needed to receive the additional analog cable TV channels and transpose or convert the selected channel to analog radio frequency ( RF ) for viewing on a regular TV set on a single channel, usually VHF channel 3 or 4.

Before Mauritania signed the Madrid Accords and after the withdrawal of the last Spanish forces, in late 1975, the Mauritanian Army invaded the southern part of Western Sahara, while the Moroccan Army did the same in the north.

According to Dr. Galena Rhoades, " Before 1970, living together outside of marriage was uncommon, but by the late 1990s at least 50 % to 60 % of couples lived together premaritally.

" Before the late nineteenth century, they rarely fashioned items with elaborate details or extra decoration, but only made things for their intended uses.

Before the late 20th century the northeastern end of the Horseshoe Falls was in the United States, flowing around the Terrapin Rocks, which was once connected to Goat Island by a series of bridges.

Before a European festival tour in late 1993, Howe and Burns left and were replaced by guitarist Keith More.

Before the economic crisis of late 2008, the MoMA ’ s board of trustees decided to sell its equities in order to move into an all-cash position.

Before the late 20th century, they were used as strength measurement, with a difference in skill of less than a third of a stone per rank.

Before the harbor mouth was dredged and cleared in the late 19th century, the mouth of this inlet would often go dry at low tide, which led to its being called a lake.

Before the album was released, Jane's Addiction supported British band Love and Rockets on a two-month tour in late 1987 .. Also in late 1987, the band opened for former Bauhaus vocalist Peter Murphy at the now demolished Fender's Ballroom in Long Beach.

Before the late 19th century, the area around the future site of Wheatland was a flat, arid landscape with desert-like vegetation.

Before the National Trust work of the late 1980s everything had remained untouched since the 1880s.

Before the late 19th century, the concept of a world war would be the result of military action caused by quarrels between European powers which took place in fairly limited, though sometimes far-flung, theaters of conflict.

Before the 1940s, most artists in St Ives and West Cornwall belonged to the St Ives Society of Artists ; but events in the late 1940s led to a dispute between the abstract and figurative artists in the group.

Before the late 1972 tour began, Walker quit Savoy Brown to join Fleetwood Mac.

Before the classic work of Jule Charney and Eric Eady on baroclinic instability in the late 1940s

Before the nineteenth century, the scholar Nitsa Ben-Ari notes that his work was shunned like that of converts, then banned as those of a traitor, whose work was not to be studied or translated into Hebrew.

Before the nineteenth century, chemists generally believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were too complex to be synthesized.

Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine and digitalis were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues.

Before the nineteenth century, many military tactics were confined to battlefield concerns: how to maneuver units during combat in open terrain.

Before being disfranchised by the Democrats ' passage in 1899 of a new state constitution that included discriminatory provisions, black citizens elected four African Americans to the US Congress from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Before the Siamese seized it in the early nineteenth century, this crystal image was the palladium of the Lao kingdom of Champassack.

The purpose of the law, Holmes insisted, was the deterrence of undesirable social consequences: “ I think that the judges themselves have failed adequately to recognize their duty of weighing considerations of social advantage .” Before the Civil War, this conception of adjudication as a form of social engineering had been widely shared by American judges, but in the late nineteenth century it had fallen out of favor.

Before the mid nineteenth century, it was a much more pastoral area, used for fattening stock brought in from Scotland and northern England before it was driven to market in places like London.

Before the nineteenth century, success on the battlefield was largely the result of the military competence of whichever king was in power.

Before the late nineteenth century, only hand written copies of Guru Granth Sahib were prepared.

Before the early / mid nineteenth century, it was common in England for numbering to proceed sequentially along one side of the road and then back down the other ( in a similar way to " boustrephedon " writing ).

Before the middle of the nineteenth century, the islands which comprise the municipality were uninhabited.

Before the production of accurate maps of Scotland in the nineteenth century it was not known for certain that Ben Nevis was the highest point in Britain, and it was often thought that Ben Macdui might be the higher.

Before the 20th century, most manufactured products were made individually by hand.

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore.

Before the break with papal authority in the 16th century, the Church of England was an integral part of the Western European church.

Before the 19th century, tattoos and piercings were very common among the Aleut people, especially among women.

Before the 16th century, harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season, as it is common in other West Germanic languages to this day ( cf.

Before the thirteenth century, beer was flavoured with plants such as yarrow, wild rosemary, and bog myrtle, and other ingredients such as juniper berries, aniseed and ginger, which would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used ; between the thirteenth and the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer flavoured with gruit was known as ale, while beer flavoured with hops was known as beer.

Before the rise of the mendicant orders ( wandering friars ) in the thirteenth century, the daily services were usually contained in a number of large volumes.

Before the 19th century, closed social hierarchies were common in Hungary.

Before the early 18th century, the East India Company paid for its tea mainly in silver.

Before its coastline was first explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south.

Before the 20th century, European sources often referred to the Dalai Lama as the " Grand Lama ".

Before the 20th century many double basses had only three strings, in contrast to the five to six strings typical of instruments in the string family or the four strings of instruments in the violin family.

Before the advent of government-funded public schools, the primary mode of education for those of the lower classes was the charity school, pioneered during the 19th century by Protestant organizations and adapted for use by the Roman Catholic Church and governmental bodies.

Map of Israel as it was in the 9th century Before Christ | BC.

Before the 20th century, jewelers used the term water as in " a gem of the finest water " to express the combination of two qualities, color and crystal.

Before the twentieth century, ordinary farm workers and factory workers were usually illiterate.

Before the twentieth century, hydrodynamics was synonymous with fluid dynamics.

Before consolidation of many of these rural school districts in the last half of the twentieth century, Indiana high schools had fewer students than those of most other states ; basketball was a natural game for these schools since it only required five starters and a few reserves.

Before the Industrial Revolution in the mid-to-late 19th century, demand for oriental goods remained the driving force behind European imperialism, and ( with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India ) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade.

Before long, scientific inquiries provoked by his claims had pushed back the age of the earth into the millions of yearsstill too short when compared with the accepted 4. 6 billion year age in the 21st century, but a distinct improvement.

Before the 18th century the Kalevala poetry was common throughout Finland and Karelia but in the 18th century it began to disappear in Finland, first in western Finland, because European rhymed poetry became more common in Finland.