Before merging them into a common profile it is well to remember that their separate careers were extraordinary.

Before that, in two separate experiments, Frederick Griffith and Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty had shown that DNA led to the transformation of one strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae to another that was more virulent.

Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Before grep existed as a separate command, the same effect might have been achieved in an editor:

Before then, the networks relied on separate regional networks in the two time zones for live programming, and the West Coast received network programming from kinescopes ( films shot directly from live television screens ) originating from the East Coast.

Before the revision of 1983 these were combined in a separate Chapter 10 ; the articles as such remained largely unchanged in 1983, but were finally fully revised in 2000.

Before 1 January 1999, it was the capital of the separate Słupsk Voivodeship.

Before his official adoption as a Roman deity, Liber was companion to two different goddesses in two separate, archaic Italian fertility cults ; Ceres, an agricultural and fertility goddess of Rome's Hellenised neighbours, and Libera, who was either Liber's female equivalent or became so through assimilation.

Before this, General Officers had considered this approach to battle as separate events.

Before 2009, the midweek meeting consisted of the Theocratic Ministry School and the Service Meeting ( each 45 minutes ); the Congregation Book Study ( 1 hour ) was typically held on a separate evening, divided into smaller groups meeting in private homes.

Before the 12th century, when drainage and embankment efforts led by monks began to separate the land from the estuarine mudflats, the Wash was the tidal part of The Fens that extended as far as Cambridge and Peterborough.

Before the development of separate doctrinal publications, many nations expressed their military philosophy through regulations.

Before 1989, the city had traditional, separate police and fire departments.

Before 2005, Dinxperlo was a separate municipality, covering the town of Dinxperlo itself and the village of De Heurne.

Before the band's 1973 – 74 world tour, Hayward wrote a song called " Island " with the intention of including it on a potential follow-up album, which the Moodies recorded in 1973 before ultimately going their separate ways.

Before the next recordings, John Cipollina, David Freiberg, and Nicky Hopkins all went their separate ways.

Before the introduction of gas generally in the parish there was a limited supply from the Mill to separate houses.

Before that time, the two were separate, and evil had only a nebulous existence in potentia.

Before 1 February 2011 Archives New Zealand was a separate government department.

Before the creation of the office of a Prime Minister in 1876, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the King, in whom the executive authority was vested.

Before 1876, when the office of a single prime minister was created, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from the King.

Before the passage of the Presidential Succession Act, succession was setup to keep the Executive branch of the Presidency separate from the Legislative branch.

Before his death in the crash, Lloyd Dubroff bought four separate life insurance policies, each for US $ 750, 000.

Before the Ayyubid takeover, there were no schools for the Hanbali and Maliki denominations in Syria, but the Ayyubids founded separate schools for them.

Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels.

Before Robinson, the Eighth Amendment had only been applied against the federal government.

Before settlers arrived, the federal government also sent teams of negotiators to meet with the Native peoples of the region.

Before 1976 the federal tax code favored new construction rather than the reuse of existing, sometimes historical, structures.

Before he retired from federal service in 1907, Reeves had arrested over 3, 000 felons.

Before Lepke could be executed, New York State needed the federal government to turn Lepke over, as he was currently serving a 14-year sentence in federal prison.

Before the end of the 1960s, Trudeau would pass the Official Languages Act ( 1969 ), which aimed to ensure that all federal government services were available in both of Canada's official languages.

Before the end of the war, the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act ( Morrill Act of 1862 ) was passed to provide for federal funding of higher education by each state with the details left to the state legislatures.

Before the provincial election, there was a federal by-election scheduled for June 1921 in Medicine Hat.

Before these efforts could come to fruition, the federal government of Conservative Arthur Meighen disclosed allegations of irregularities in the management of the some of the UGG's elevators.

Before the 1911 federal election, several local Liberals opposed to Frank Oliver had asked Rutherford to run against him in Strathcona.

Before 1937 ( when commerce in medicinal cannabis was effectively banned by a federal law in the United States ), topical corn remedies usually contained tincture of cannabis, which possessed effective antibacterial properties.

Before becoming a member of the federal parliament of Canada, Duceppe worked as a hospital orderly and later became a trade union negotiator.

Before the complaints were raised in 2008, 2006 federal court had required the DOE to update and tighten misleading Energy Star ratings given to products in almost two dozen categories, including dishwashers, air conditioners, heaters, furnaces and clothes dryers.

Before statehood could be granted in 1896, however, the federal government required Utah to include a provision in its state constitution stating that " polygamous or plural marriages are forever prohibited ".

Before the 2010 federal election, Labor issued a statement recognising the legitimacy of the shooting sports and asserting that our firearms legislation is to protect both " the freedom of Australia's law-abiding sporting shooters and of the wider community.

Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor ; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving distillers, rectifiers, gaugers, storekeepers, and internal revenue agents.

* The Equal Justice Before the Law Act -- to crackdown on white collar crime ( e. g. levy stiff penalties in conjunction with savings and loan bailout ; ban on bidding by companies that defraud federal government on procurement contracts ; impose criminal penalties for willful violation of child labor laws by employers that result in serious bodily injury or death of minors in the workplace ; treat child labor imports as contraband ; and eliminate deductibility of legal expenses when a company is accused of a crime );

Before entering federal politics, Bellemare served on the council for the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton from 1980 to 1985 and the township and then city council for Gloucester from 1966 to 1988.

Before and after the CFMA, federal banking regulators imposed capital and other requirements on banks that entered into OTC derivatives.

Before joining the federal administration in Moscow, Ivanov, a fluent speaker of English — served in the Soviet and later Russian foreign intelligence service as a specialist in law and foreign languages, both at home and abroad ( in Europe and Africa ) from the late 1970s to the late 1990s.