Before the passage of the lex annalis, individuals could run for the Aedileship by the time they turned twenty-seven.

Before the advent of copyright, anonymous and pseudonymous publication was a common practice in the sixteenth century publishing world, and a passage in the Arte of English Poesie ( 1589 ), the leading work of literary criticism of the Elizabethan period and an anonymously published work itself, mentions in passing that literary figures in the court who wrote " commendably well " circulated their poetry only among their friends, " as if it were a discredit for a gentleman to seem learned " ( Book 1, Chapter 8 ).

Before being disfranchised by the Democrats ' passage in 1899 of a new state constitution that included discriminatory provisions, black citizens elected four African Americans to the US Congress from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Before the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery after the American Civil War in 1866, manumission was sometimes accomplished at the death of the owner, under conditions in his will.

Before its most recent passage through the Solar System, its orbital period was about 17, 000 years, but the gravitational perturbation of the giant planets has increased this period to 70, 000 years.

Before passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley law, AICPA standards in these areas were considered " generally accepted " for all CPA practitioners.

Before congressional passage of the Protect Act of 2003, prosecutors had to prove that sex tourists went abroad with the intent of molesting children — something almost impossible to demonstrate.

Before passage of the Act, more than 3, 000 same-sex couples had already married in those areas.

Before the games began, a truce was declared by Corinth to grant athletes safe passage through Greece.

Before 1976, the tunnel was the only point of passage at the top, at an altitude of 2556 m. The tunnel was closed for restoration until 2002, and a new road was constructed over the summit.

Before the passage opened, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated entirely with Antarctica being much warmer and having no ice cap.

Before the end of his senior year, he had officially resigned from the committee after the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.

Before giving his doctrinal exposition of a passage, he first considers its critical state.

Before the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the maximum weeks one could collect was 26 weeks.

Before the 2006 – 2007 academic year, the provision could also apply to high school students, but this changed with the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act in 2001.

Before the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, the Marquess sat in the House of Lords as Baron Kenlis in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Before 1965, after passage of the Civil Rights Act broke the color line in hiring, less than 2 % of textile workers were African American.

Before the amendment's passage on November 3, 2010, membership was open to any individual with " Lineal Descent " with at least one parent being a member of the MHA Nation.

Before 1920, many of these dams made no provision for fish passage ; public pressure as well as efforts by turn-of-the-century cannery owner R. D.

Before the King can pass judgement upon them, Hawkins's friends, who have secretly entered the court through the secret passage, rescue him and capture the castle from the King's soldiers.

Before 1967, local communities had to approve highway locations and designs, and the debates over I-696 prompted the passage of an arbitration statute.

Before the passage of the bankruptcy reform act in 2005, a 403 ( b ) that was not an ERISA plan was not accorded protected status as property that could be claimed as exempt by the debtor under the U. S. Bankruptcy Code.

* In Umberto Eco's The Island of the Day Before, Cockaigne is evoked in a passage describing an ice-tipped mountain.

Before the passage of the Wagner Act, Swope " had long supported labor legislation.

Before the September 11, 2001 attacks, most TFRs were in the interest of safety to flying aircraft with occasional small restrictions for Presidential movements.

Before the enactment of the current statute previous Acts of Congress ( the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 and 1886 ) dealt with the hypothesis of there being neither a President nor a Vice President able to discharge the powers of the presidency.

Before taking office, the Prime Minister is sworn in inside the Presidential Mansion by the Archbishop of Athens ( the head of the Church of Greece ).

Before being merged into the PdL, Forza Italia had a President ( currently Silvio Berlusconi ), two Vice-Presidents ( Giulio Tremonti and Roberto Formigoni ), a Presidential Committee ( presided by Claudio Scajola ) and a National Council ( presided by Alfredo Biondi ).

Before the advent of the Presidential library system, Presidents or their heirs often dispersed Presidential papers at the end of the administration.

Before the 1986 Austrian Presidential Elections, during a meeting of the steering committee of the Burgenland SPÖ, according to a later rendering by Ottilie Matysek, Sinowatz insinuated that one would have to point out to the Austrians that the Austrian People's Party's candidate, Kurt Waldheim, had a " brown " ( i. e. Nazi ) past.

Before the 2008 US Presidential election, Zakaria endorsed Barack Obama on his CNN program.

Before the arcade housing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands Bertel Thorvaldsen | Thorvaldsen's equestrian statue of Prince Józef Poniatowski ( after World War II, relocated to Krakowskie Przedmieście, before the Presidential Palace in Warsaw | Presidential Palace ).

Before and after his period of Presidential office, he was identified with schemes for agricultural improvement ; his Agriculture minister was Benito Medero.

Before acting, he interned for four months at the White House during the Clinton Administration in the Office of Presidential Personnel.

Before the appointed time, the President arrives at the back entrance of the Batasang Pambansa and is welcomed with military honours and by the House Speaker, the Senate President and the welcoming committee, before proceeding to the Presidential Legislate Liaison Office.

Before moving to Columbia, Kitcher taught at the University of Vermont, Vassar College, The University of Minnesota, University of Michigan, and for several years at University of California, San Diego where he held the position of Presidential Professor of Philosophy.

Before the members of both houses returned home on 30 March, they were required to swear an oath accepting the Act of Succession, and all the King's subjects were now required to swear to the legitimacy of the marriage and, by implication, to acceptance of the King's new powers and the break from Rome.

Before his death in 1840, Joseph Smith, Sr. declared that the position should pass by Lineal Succession to his eldest son, Hyrum.

Before the Draft Act was passed Baker had confidentially briefed governors, sheriffs, and prospective draft board members on the administration of the measure -- and the confidence was kept so well that only one newspaper learned what was going on.

Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI.

Before the Act was passed, on February 8, 1914 The New York Times published an article entitled " Negro Cocaine ' Fiends ' Are New Southern Menace: Murder and Insanity Increasing Among Lower-Class Blacks " by Edward Huntington Williams which reported that Southern sheriffs had increased the caliber of their weapons from. 32 to. 38 to bring down Negroes under the effect of cocaine.

Before the Dodd-Frank Act made registration mandatory for hedge fund advisers with more than US $ 150 million in assets under management, hedge funds were primarily regulated through their managers or advisers, under the anti-fraud provisions of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940.

Before Corea completed a draft of the Nicaragua proposal, Congress was considering the Spooner Act, to authorize the Panama Canal.

Before the Telecommunications Act of 1993, the parastatal, could dictate its own terms, but after 1993, Telia was told to negotiate with companies seeking interconnection.

Before the All-Channel Receiver Act of 1962 required US television receivers to be able to tune the entire VHF and UHF range ( which in North America was NTSC-M channels 2 through 83 on 54 to 890 MHz ), a set-top box known as a UHF converter would be installed at the receiver to shift a portion of the UHF-TV spectrum onto low-VHF channels for viewing.

Before the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) was created, nuclear regulation was the responsibility of the AEC, which Congress first established in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946.

Before the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act

Before the Act was implemented he theorized that after a multitude of bankruptcies and mergers there would only be two or three major carriers and a very small number of medium and local service airlines.

Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the U. S. Congress, there was a debate over commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators Robert Wagner of New York and Henry Hatfield of West Virginia offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act.

Before the signing ceremony of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act, President George W. Bush met with Senator Paul Sarbanes, U. S. Secretary of Labor | Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao and other dignitaries in the Blue Room ( White House ) | Blue Room at the White House on July 30, 2002

Before the passing of the Homosexual Law Reform Act in 1986, the Salvation Army was active throughout the country gathering signatures for a petition seeking to prevent the bill's passing.

Before the unification of the Supreme Court under the Judicature Act 1873, solicitors practised in the Chancery Courts, attorneys practised in the Common law courts and proctors practised in the Ecclesiastical courts.

Before 1754, when Lord Hardwicke's Act came into force, it was possible for eloping couples to be married clandestinely by an ordained clergyman ( a favourite location was the Fleet Prison, a debtors ' prison in London, in which clergymen willing to celebrate irregular marriages might be found ).

Before he became leader of the Conservative Party, Disraeli had announced that, as a result of the Reform Act of 1867 which had enfranchised the male working class, the party needed to pursue social reforms if it was to have electoral success.

Before it was abolished in 1975 by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973, the county contained six burghs.

Before troops could be raised, the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities.

Before opening night, the third and fourth yeomen's couplets in the Act I finale – in which they remind " Leonard " of his brave deeds – were cut, though they remained in the vocal score until around the 1920s.

Before the Act, the scheme had been known as the Calder Navigation or Upper Calder Navigation, and this was the first use of the Calder and Hebble title.

Before the passing of an Enclosure Act 1817, the freemen of York, who were occupiers of houses within a division or ward of the city, called Monk Ward, were, together with certain other persons, entitled to common of pasture and right of stray or average, and had immemorially used and enjoyed the same, in and over a parcel of ground called Heworth Moor, of which G. A. Thweng, lord of the manor of Heworth, was then seised in fee ; another piece of land, called Heworth Grange, of which the king was then seised in fee ; and certain closes and other parcels of ground, called Hall Fields, of which E. Prest and others were then seised in fee.

Before the Evarts Act, the cases that could reach the Supreme Court were heard as a matter of right, meaning that the Court was required to issue a decision in each of those cases.