Before Maimonides concluded this, Sunni Muslims officially prohibited mutah ( i. e. temporary marriage ) relationships ; some commentators ' suggest that Maimonides changed his view in response to this development, similar to Gershom ben Judah's ban on polygamy being made after Christians had prohibited it.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography ( see below ), the study of crystals was based on their geometry.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Before 1850 Germany lagged behind the leaders in industrial development, Britain, France and Belgium.

Before 1850 Germany lagged far behind the leaders in industrial development – Britain, France, and Belgium.

Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans.

Before the development of practical electronic TV, there were patents on mechanically scanned color systems as early as 1889 in Russia.

Before the development of the transformer, electric power distribution primarily used direct current at the same voltage used by motors and lights.

Before the development cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand.

Before reclamation and development, the low-lying areas around this hill were largely marsh or tidal wetland, giving the hill much more the appearance of a " ness " than today.

Before the development of modern refrigeration, ice cream was a luxury reserved for special occasions.

Before the official development tools were released, most map development was done using aging tools such as Pfhorte-a Marathon map editor created in March 1995 by Steve Israelson.

Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent.

Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of mountains was explained in Christian contexts as a result of the Biblical Deluge.

Before much development flying could be done, however, the tailplane failed due to flutter in a diving test on 20 September.

Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide.

Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper ( I ) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Before this development, firearms used flintlock ignition systems which produced flint-on-steel sparks to ignite a pan of priming powder and thereby fire the gun's main powder charge ( the flintlock mechanism replaced older ignition systems such as the matchlock and wheellock ).

Before the development of digital computing, serious trials based on automata such as El Ajedrecista of 1912, were too complex and limited to be useful for playing full games of chess.

Before a segment's narrative pattern was complete, an overall color scheme was designed to the general mood of the music, and patterned to correspond with the development of the subject matter.

The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force's core values of " Integrity First, Service Before Self, and Excellence in All We Do ", and based on four " pillars of excellence ": military training, academics, athletics and character development.

Before the first small farm homes had been sold, Bud Wright's wife, Emily Vose Wright, a deeply religious woman, had christened the development Zelzah, a Biblical name for " oasis ," or " watering place in the desert.

Before tract development, beginning in the early 1970s, Lawrenceville was broadly defined as stretching two to three blocks back from Route 206.

Before merging them into a common profile it is well to remember that their separate careers were extraordinary.

Before that, in two separate experiments, Frederick Griffith and Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty had shown that DNA led to the transformation of one strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae to another that was more virulent.

Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Before grep existed as a separate command, the same effect might have been achieved in an editor:

Before the separate federal Department of Education was created in 1979, it was called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare ( HEW ).

Before then, the networks relied on separate regional networks in the two time zones for live programming, and the West Coast received network programming from kinescopes ( films shot directly from live television screens ) originating from the East Coast.

Before the revision of 1983 these were combined in a separate Chapter 10 ; the articles as such remained largely unchanged in 1983, but were finally fully revised in 2000.

Before 1 January 1999, it was the capital of the separate Słupsk Voivodeship.

Before his official adoption as a Roman deity, Liber was companion to two different goddesses in two separate, archaic Italian fertility cults ; Ceres, an agricultural and fertility goddess of Rome's Hellenised neighbours, and Libera, who was either Liber's female equivalent or became so through assimilation.

Before this, General Officers had considered this approach to battle as separate events.

Before 2009, the midweek meeting consisted of the Theocratic Ministry School and the Service Meeting ( each 45 minutes ); the Congregation Book Study ( 1 hour ) was typically held on a separate evening, divided into smaller groups meeting in private homes.

Before the 12th century, when drainage and embankment efforts led by monks began to separate the land from the estuarine mudflats, the Wash was the tidal part of The Fens that extended as far as Cambridge and Peterborough.

Before 1989, the city had traditional, separate police and fire departments.

Before 2005, Dinxperlo was a separate municipality, covering the town of Dinxperlo itself and the village of De Heurne.

Before the band's 1973 – 74 world tour, Hayward wrote a song called " Island " with the intention of including it on a potential follow-up album, which the Moodies recorded in 1973 before ultimately going their separate ways.

Before the next recordings, John Cipollina, David Freiberg, and Nicky Hopkins all went their separate ways.

Before the introduction of gas generally in the parish there was a limited supply from the Mill to separate houses.

Before that time, the two were separate, and evil had only a nebulous existence in potentia.

Before 1 February 2011 Archives New Zealand was a separate government department.

Before the creation of the office of a Prime Minister in 1876, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from its head of state, namely the King, in whom the executive authority was vested.

Before 1876, when the office of a single prime minister was created, Sweden did not have a head of government separate from the King.

Before the passage of the Presidential Succession Act, succession was setup to keep the Executive branch of the Presidency separate from the Legislative branch.

Before his death in the crash, Lloyd Dubroff bought four separate life insurance policies, each for US $ 750, 000.

Before the Ayyubid takeover, there were no schools for the Hanbali and Maliki denominations in Syria, but the Ayyubids founded separate schools for them.