Formerly these offices as well as those of the other chancery officers from the Regent down were occasions of venality, until popes, especially Benedict XIV and Pius VII, gradually abolish that.

Meanwhile, under the direction of Benedict XIV ( pope 1740 – 1758 ), a special congregation collected much material for an official revision, but nothing was published.

This view was reinforced by Pope Benedict XIV, who ordered a ban on Chinese rituals.

* A manual of theology in 4 vols, Theologia eclectica, moralis et scholastica ( Augsburg, 1752 ; revised by Pope Benedict XIV for the 1753 edition published at Bologna )

Also Lord Chesterfield, Thomas Gray, George Lyttelton, Thomas Hollis, Metastasio, Benedict XIV and Heinrich von Brühl were among his correspondents

* 1751 – Pope Benedict XIV suppresses the Patriarchate of Aquileia and establishes from its territory the Archdiocese of Udine and Gorizia.

In 1750, on the illness of her father, she was appointed by Pope Benedict XIV to the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy and physics at Bologna.

* 1675 – Pope Benedict XIV ( d. 1758 )

At first, he called himself Benedict XIV, but afterwards altered the title to Benedict XIII ( the previous Benedict XIII having been considered an antipope ).

A man fond above all of asceticism and religious celebrations, according to Cardinal Lambertini ( later Pope Benedict XIV ) he " did not have any idea about how to rule ".

Pope Benedict XIV ( 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758 ), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758.

Benedict XIV denounced these practices in these two bulls.

Bust of Benedict XIV by Pietro Bracci, Museum of Grenoble

On 22 December 1741, Benedict XIV promulgated the papal bull " Immensa Pastorum principis " against the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and other countries.

On 18 May 1743, Benedict XIV signed a document addressed to the Archbishops and Bishops of the Kingdom of Poland regarding marriage, communicating his dissatisfaction with the dissolution of Christian marriages, even long-stable ones, by the Ecclesiastical Courts of Poland without due cause or in violation of canon law.

Benedict XIV was also responsible, along with Cardinal Passionei, for beginning the catalogue of the Vatican Library.

Tomb of Benedict XIV, St. Peter's basilica.

* Castrato – Benedict XIV was one of the first Popes to voice displeasure regarding the use of castrated males in Church choir services.

* Cardinals created by Benedict XIV

* Pope Benedict XIV Portrait at the Vatican Museum.

simple: Pope Benedict XIV

It speaks volumes that despite his involvement in the murders of Benedict VI and John XIV, and the atrocities that ensued once he became pope in 984, he still had enough support to keep him in power for eleven months.

His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir and Ruth Benedict, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures.

This was most obvious in the ' Culture and Personality ' studies carried out by younger Boasians such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict.

Though such works as Coming of Age in Samoa and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword remain popular with the American public, Mead and Benedict never had the impact on the discipline of anthropology that some expected.

Boas had planned for Ruth Benedict to succeed him as chair of Columbia's anthropology department, but she was sidelined by Ralph Linton, and Mead was limited to her offices at the AMNH.

Carving of St. Benedict of Nursia, holding an abbot's crozier and his Rule of St. Benedict | Rule for Monasteries ( Münsterschwarzach, Germany ).

By the Rule of St Benedict, which, until the Cluniac reforms, was the norm in the West, the abbot has jurisdiction over only one community.

In the West the Rule of St Benedict appointed him a separate table, at which he might entertain guests and strangers.

When abbots dined in their own private hall, the Rule of St Benedict charged them to invite their monks to their table, provided there was room, on which occasions the guests were to abstain from quarrels, slanderous talk and idle gossiping.

* The abbot of Sant ' Anselmo di Aventino, in Rome, is styled the " abbot primate ," and is acknowledged the senior abbot for the Order of St. Benedict ( O. S. B.

* An abbot president is the head of a congregation ( federation ) of abbeys within the Order of St. Benedict ( for instance, the English Congregation, The American Cassinese Congregation, etc.

The lives of numerous abbots make up a significant contribution to Christian hagiography, one of the most well-known being the Life of St. Benedict of Nursia by St. Gregory the Great.

* 1919 – Benedict Kiely, Irish author ( d. 2007 )

As Pope Martin V supported Sforza, Alfonso switched religious allegiance to the Aragonese antipope Benedict XIII.

In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI gave a homily about him in Saint Peter's square.

* 1970: Mount Angel Abbey Library, St. Benedict, Oregon, USA

The new Pope takes on the regnal name Benedict XVI.

* 1644 – Louise de La Vallière, French mistress of Louis XIV of France ( d. 1710 )

It was in the age of absolute monarchy launched by Louix XIV in the 17th century that the likes of Poussin and Le Brun put France in the forefront of European art.

Upon the death of Louis XIV and the abandonment of Versailles, the Paris high society became the purveyors of style.

* 1672 – Franco-Dutch War: Louis XIV of France invades the Netherlands.

File: Tomb of Pope Clement XIV Gregorovius. jpg | Tomb of Clement XIV

Canova's next undertaking was a monument in honor of Clement XIV ; but before he proceeded with it he deemed it necessary to request permission from the Venetian senate, whose servant he considered himself to be, in consideration of the pension.

* Jürgen Klötgen, Prieuré d ' Abergavenny – Tribulations mancelles en Pays de Galles au temps du Pape Jean XXII ( d ' après des documents français et anglais du XIV ° siècle collationnés avec une source d ' histoire retrouvée aux Archives Secrètes du Vatican ), in Revue Historique et Archéologique du Maine, Le Mans, 1989, p. 65 – 88 ( 1319: cf John of Hastings, Lord of Abergavenny ; Adam de Orleton, Bishop of Hereford, John of Monmouth, Bishop of Llandaff ).

This was mitigated by adding considerable torsional rigidity to the wings, and was wholly cured when the Mk. XIV was introduced.

In 1650 the Minuet, originally a peasant dance of Poitou, was introduced into Paris and set to music by Jean-Baptiste Lully and danced by the King Louis XIV in public, and would continue to dominate ballroom from that time until the close of the 18th century.

Toward the latter half of the 17th century, Louis XIV founded his ' Académie Royale de Musique et de Danse ', where specific rules for the execution of every dance and the " five positions " of the feet were formulated for the first time by members of the Académie.

Louis XIV of France sought to knock Emperor Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement.

The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667 – 1714.

For the Grand Alliance – Austria, England, and the Dutch Republic – the battle had followed an indecisive campaign against the Bourbon armies of King Louis XIV of France in 1705.

Yet despite his opponents ' setbacks Louis XIV was desirous of peace – but he wanted it on reasonable terms.

Encouraged by these early gains Louis XIV urged Marshal Villeroi to go over to the offensive in the Spanish Netherlands and, with victory, gain a ' fair ' peace.

With Prince Eugene's subsequent success at the Battle of Turin in northern Italy, the Allies had imposed the greatest loss of territory and resources that Louis XIV would suffer during the war.

The Duke of Marlborough had intended the 1705 campaign – an invasion of France through the Moselle valley – to complete the work of Blenheim and persuade King Louis XIV to make peace, but the plan had been thwarted by both friend and foe alike.

Determined to show the Grand Alliance that France was still resolute, Louis XIV prepared to launch a double surprise in Alsace and northern Italy.

Although Louis XIV wanted peace he wanted it on reasonable terms ; for that, he needed victory in the field and to convince the Allies that his resources were by no means exhausted.

Following the successes in Italy and along the Rhine, Louis XIV was now hopeful of similar results in Flanders.

Far from standing on the defensive therefore – and unbeknown to Marlborough – Louis XIV was persistently goading his marshal into action.