In Italy, the Iron Crown of Lombardy was being fought over between Guy III of Spoleto and Berengar of Friuli.

Berengar had been crowned king in 887, but Guy was in his turn crowned in 889.

The Calendar of Saints states that her first husband was poisoned by the holder of real power, his successor, Berengar of Ivrea, who attempted to cement his political power by forcing her to marry his son, Adalbert ; when she refused and fled, she was tracked down and imprisoned for four months at Como.

Soon, however, the Duke of Canossa, Alberto Uzzo, who had been advised of the rescue, arrived and carried her off to his castle, where she was besieged by Berengar.

As such he was regarded by Berengar himself and by his opponents Dietwin of Liege ( Theodwin ), Durand of Troarne, and Humbert of Mourmoutiers.

The last such Emperor was Berengar I of Italy who died in 924.

However, on the one occasion that Sergius agreed to crown Berengar in around 906, Berengar was prevented from reaching Rome by the forces of Alberic I of Spoleto and Adalbert II of Tuscany, both of whom had been supporters of Sergius, but were unhappy with his decision to support Berengar.

In the eleventh century, Berengar of Tours denied that any material change in the elements was needed to explain the Eucharistic Presence, thereby provoking a considerable stir.

Berengar of Tours ( c. 999 – January 6, 1088 ) was a French 11th century Christian theologian and Archdeacon of Angers, a scholar whose leadership of the cathedral school at Chartres set an example of intellectual inquiry through the revived tools of dialectic that was soon followed at cathedral schools of Laon and Paris, and who disputed with the Church leadership over the doctrine of transubstantiation in the Eucharist.

Berengar of Tours was born perhaps at Tours, probably in the early years of the 11th century.

Berengar was less attracted by pure theology than by secular learning, and brought away a knowledge of Latin literature, dialectic, and a general knowledge and freedom of thought surprising for his age.

Amid this chorus of praise, a discordant voice began to be heard ; it was asserted that Berengar held heretical views on the Eucharist.

Considerably greater stir was provoked by Berengar, who denied that any material change in the elements was needed to explain the Eucharistic Presence.

By the time this letter was received by Lanfranc in Rome, it had been read by several other people ; and as Berengar was not well thought of there, Lanfranc feared his association with him might prejudice his own interests, and laid the matter before the pope, Leo IX, who excommunicated Berengar at a synod after Easter, 1050, and summoned him to appear personally at another to be held at Vercelli in September.

The synod was held at Vercelli without him ; two of his friends attempted to defend him, but were arrested and condemned to the flames ; Ratramnus's book was destroyed, and Berengar was again condemned.

With regards to the imperial question, although both Sergius and Theophylact did not support the continued nominal rule of Emperor Louis, they were somewhat unwilling to grant the imperial title to the only other contender, Berengar I of Italy.

Once again throwing Berengar out of Pavia, he marched and also succeeded in taking Verona with only a small following, after receiving the promise of support from the bishop, Adalard.

Berengar was the only one of the reguli ( petty kings ) to crop up in the aftermath of Charles ' deposition besides Arnulf of Carinthia, his deposer, who was made king before the emperor's death.

In that case, she would have been betrothed to Berengar while still a child and only become his consors and imperatrix in 923.

Although Berengar had the advantage of being allied with the Carolingian family, and of having been crowned as king of Italy in 887, from 888 Guy was closer to Rome, and had already allied himself with Pope Stephen V, who had described Guy “ as his only son ”.

Cawley considers the theory to stand only on " the transmission of the name Berengar into her husband's family.

Although Berengar had the support of the major Roman nobility and the Pope, he had enemies elsewhere.

In 900, Louis, as the grandson and heir of the Emperor Louis II, was invited into Italy by various lords, including Adalbert II of Tuscany, who were suffering under the ravages of the Magyars and the incompetent rule of Berengar I. Louis thus marched his army across the Alps and defeated Berengar, chasing him from Pavia, the old Lombard capital, where, in the church of San Michele, he was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy on 12 October, 900.

* 1297-Construction of the first church dedicated to Saint Oswald within the diocese of Stammham, it was sponsored by Berengar III, Count of Leonberg and was consecrated by Bishop Albert of Chiemsee.

But when he recognized the strength of the opposition, he favored a compromise ; at any rate he advised Berengar is 1054 to swear to the formula presented to him.

Though disputing the legality of his condemnation, Berengar agreed to go, first passing through Paris to obtain permission from King Henry I of France, as nominal abbot of St. Martin at Tours.

Even the eponymous Berengar, Bishop of Venosa, was drawn into the quarrel and wrote against him at Rome in the years of his second summons there.

In 1150, Conrad and Henry Berengar defeated Welf VI and his son Welf VII at the Battle of Flochberg.

He took up the task with the greatest zeal, although Berengar had been his personal friend ; he was the protagonist of orthodoxy at the councils of Vercelli ( 1050 ), Tours ( 1054 ) and Rome ( 1059 ).

In this he was successful at the same council which witnessed his third victory over Berengar ( 1059 ), and he thus acquired a lasting claim on William's gratitude.

Nevertheless, at Waiblingen, Berengar, who by a brief feud with Liutward had lost the favour of the emperor, came in early May 887, made peace with the emperor, and compensated for the actions of the previous year by dispensing great gifts.

In the summer of that year, having given up on his son's succession, Charles received Odo and Berengar, Margrave of Friuli, a relative of his, at his court.

A candidate of the Counts of Tusculum, he attempted to unify Italy under the leadership of Berengar of Friuli, and was instrumental in the defeat of the Saracens at the Battle of Garigliano.

So in December 915, Berengar approached Rome, and after being greeted by the family of Theophylact ( whose support he secured ), he met Pope John at St. Peter ’ s Basilica.

Partisans of Berengar in the town soon got word to Berengar of Louis ’ s exposed position at Verona, and his somewhat limited support.

With Berengar I of Italy ( 850-924 ), Duke of Friuli, later king of Italy and from 915 emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Monza returned to the importance it had lost after the death of Queen Teodolinda.

Berengar ( crowned emperor with the Iron Crown of Lombardy ) located the Imperial Headquarters in Monza and the city government issued several decrees to the empire itself.

Berengar was very generous with donating numerous works to the Monza Cathedral, including the famous cross, and giving large benefits to its 32 canons and other churches.

In favor of the supposition that Eusebius changed his opinion from deference to the Count of Anjou, the decided opponent of Berengar and his doctrine, it can be adduced that he did not defend Berengar against the hostilities of the court, and that for a long time he sided with this violent prince.

It is also possible that the fact impressed itself upon Eusebius that the religious consciousness of the time more and more opposed Berengar.

In 905, Louis, after again listening to the Italian nobles who were tired of Berengar ’ s rule, this time led by Adalbert I of Ivrea, launched another attempt to invade Italy.

Gaucelm, Bernard's brother, was also dispossessed of the majority of his lands, but for a time kept the County of Ampurias although this too was lost to Berengar later.

Berengar was not the undisputed leading magnate in Italy at the time, but he may have made an agreement with his former rival, Guy of Spoleto, whereby Guy would have West Francia and he Italy on the emperor's death.

He invaded Italy for a second time in 957 and many cities capitulated before him and Berengar fled.

From the time of the successful uprising of the nobles in 945, when Hugh was forced into exile, Berengar of Ivrea kept all real power and patronage in his hands.