Bromine is included as an ozone-depleting chemical because although it is not as abundant as chlorine, it is 45 times more effective per atom in destroying stratospheric ozone.

Bromine ( or ; from, meaning " stench ( of he-goats )") is a chemical element with the symbol Br, and atomic number of 35.

Bromine is rarer than about three-quarters of elements in the Earth's crust ; however, the high solubility of bromide ion has caused its accumulation in the oceans, and commercially the element is easily extracted from brine pools, mostly in the United States, Israel and China.

Bromine has no essential function in mammals, though it is preferentially used over chloride by one antiparasitic enzyme in the human immune system.

Bromine is slightly soluble in water, but it is highly soluble in organic solvents such as carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, aliphatic alcohols, and acetic acid.

Bromine has two stable isotopes, < sup > 79 </ sup > Br ( 50. 69 %) and < sup > 81 </ sup > Br ( 49. 31 %).

Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Balard, in 1825 and 1826, respectively.

Bromine was not produced in large quantities until 1860.

Bromine has no known essential role in human or mammalian health, but inorganic bromine and organobromine compounds do occur naturally, and some may be of use to higher organisms in dealing with parasites.

* Theodoregray. com – Bromine

Columbia County, along with Union County, is home to the largest Bromine reserve in the United States.

In the early 19th century Ignacy Fonberger, a professor at the University of Vilnius, analyzed the chemical composition of Druskininkai's waters and showed that they contain large amounts of Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Iodine, Bromine, Iron and Magnesium.

* Bromine monofluoride ( BrF ) has not been obtained as a pure compound — it dissociates into the trifluoride and free bromine.

* Bromine monochloride ( BrCl ) is a red-brown gas with a boiling point of 5 ° C.

* Bromine trifluoride ( BrF < sub > 3 </ sub >) is a yellow-green liquid which conducts electricity — it ionises to form +.

* Bromine pentafluoride ( BrF < sub > 5 </ sub >) is a colourless fuming liquid, made by reacting bromine trifluoride with fluorine at 200 ° C.

Bromine is trapped with iron turnings to give a solution of ferric bromide.

Colour code: Carbon, C: black Hydrogen, H: white Bromine, Br: red-brown Oxygen, O: red Structure calculated with Spartan Student 4. 1, using the PM3 semi-empirical method.

For an alternative listing of inorganics containing bromine please see inorganic compounds by element # Bromine.

Bromine ( Br ) has two stable isotopes and 30 known unstable isotopes, the most stable of which is < sup > 77 </ sup > Br with a half-life of 57. 036 hours

Bromine is derived from brine, or saltwater, and local companies play an international role in the commercialization of bromine and its many applications.

Under this assumption the space group must be Af and the following are the positions of the atoms in the unit cell.

The O atoms in each sheet are close packed and each Cr atom is surrounded by a distorted octahedron of O atoms.

Hence it is difficult to conceive of a packing of the atoms in this material in which the oxygen atoms are far from geometrical equivalence.

If the Af bond is linear then there are three reasonable positions for the hydrogen atoms: ( 1 ) The hydrogen atoms are centered and hence all lie on a sheet midway between the oxygen sheets ; ;

( 3 ) hydrogen atoms are asymmetrically placed, either randomly or in an ordered way, so that some hydrogen atoms are closer to the upper oxygen atoms while others are closer to the lower oxygen atoms.

A randomization of `` ups '' and `` downs '' is more likely than ordered `` ups '' and `` downs '' in position ( 3 ) since the hydrogen atoms are well separated and so the position of one could hardly affect the position of another, and also since ordered `` up '' and `` down '' implies a larger unit cell, for which no evidence exists.

Therefore, the only unknown structural feature would appear to be whether the hydrogen atoms are located symmetrically ( 1 ) or asymmetrically ( 3 ).

We are reporting these investigations here briefly because of their relevancy to problems of the study of apparently simple exchange reactions of chlorine and because the results furnish some information on the activation energy for abstraction of chlorine atoms from carbon tetrachloride.

and I asked myself a question: Suppose I had the same number of peas as there are atoms in my body, how large an area would they cover??

By this consideration atomic physics provides the underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics, even though both deal with very large numbers of atoms.

Fundamentally, an atomic orbital is a one-electron wave function, even though most electrons do not exist in one-electron atoms, and so the one-electron view is an approximation.

Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may differ in number of neutrons.

For example, carbon can be found as diamond, which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom ; graphite, which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other ; graphene, which is a single layer of graphite that is incredibly strong ; fullerenes, which have nearly spherical shapes ; and carbon nanotubes, which are tubes with a hexagonal structure ( even these may differ from each other in electrical properties ).

In the early work of Max Planck, Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, the existence of energy in discrete quantities had been postulated, in order to explain phenomena, such as the spectrum of black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the stability and spectrum of atoms such as hydrogen, that had eluded explanation by, and even appeared to be in contradiction with, classical physics.

This overcomes the repulsion between the two positively charged nuclei of the two atoms, and so this overwhelming attraction holds the two nuclei in a fixed configuration of equilibrium, even though they will still vibrate at equilibrium position.

Microscopically, a single crystal has atoms in a near-perfect Periodic function | periodic arrangement ; a polycrystal is composed of many microscopic crystals ( called " crystallite s " or " grains "); and an amorphous solid ( such as glass ) has no periodic arrangement even microscopically.

Because the wavelength for even the smallest of macroscopic objects is extremely small, diffraction of matter waves is only visible for small particles, like electrons, neutrons, atoms and small molecules.

This phenomenon has also been shown to occur with atoms and even some molecules, including buckyballs.

Davros and the Daleks plan to detonate a " reality bomb ", a wavelength transmitted by the stolen planets which cancels out the electrical field binding atoms, reducing the whole of creation, even other Universes due to the Medusa Cascade being a rift, to nothingness except for the Daleks and the Crucible, in order to achieve " ultimate victory ".

Another fairly common fullerene is C < sub > 70 </ sub >, but fullerenes with 72, 76, 84 and even up to 100 carbon atoms are commonly obtained.

Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, from 4 to 28.

Historically, the hadrons ( mesons and baryons such as the proton and neutron ) and even whole atoms were once regarded as elementary particles ( indeed, the word " atom " means " indivisible ").

This ability comes from the fact that bond character between carbon atoms is entirely non-polar, in that the distribution of electrons between the two elements is somewhat even due to the same electronegativity values of the elements (~ 0. 30 ), and does not result in the formation of an electrophile.

Single molecules cannot usually be observed by light ( as noted above ), but small molecules and even the outlines of individual atoms may be traced in some circumstances by use of an atomic force microscope.

Metallic bonding is mostly non-polar, because even in alloys there is little difference among the electronegativities of the atoms participating in the bonding interaction ( and, in pure elemental metals, none at all ).

Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic level of matter ( molecules and atoms ) and the subatomic ( electrons, protons, and even smaller particles ).

Constituent atoms or molecules of paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic moments ( dipoles ), even in the absence of an applied field.

In the early 20th century it became evident that atoms and molecules with even numbers of electrons are more chemically stable than those with odd numbers of electrons.

The prefix " poly -" means " many ," in Greek, but even ions of two atoms are commonly referred to as polyatomic.

These properties derive from ultraviolet's power to alter chemical bonds, even without having quite enough energy to ionize atoms.

These properties derive from the ultraviolet photon's power to alter chemical bonds in molecules, even without having enough energy to ionize atoms.

Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average .< ref name = tadokoro > This source estimates a density of for the Local Group.

An atomic mass unit is, for roughly 40 atoms per cubic meter .</ ref > However, even if every single atom and particle could be removed from a volume, it would still not be " empty " due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, and other phenomena in quantum physics.

This phenomenon has been verified not only for elementary particles, but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules.