Antimony is stable in air at room temperature, but reacts with oxygen if heated to form antimony trioxide, Sb < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >.

The graphite tubes are heated via their ohmic resistance using a low-voltage high-current power supply ; the temperature in the individual stages can be controlled very closely, and temperature ramps between the individual stages facilitate separation of sample components.

Tubes may be heated transversely or longitudinally, where the former ones have the advantage of a more homogeneous temperature distribution over their length.

Hot wire anemometers use a very fine wire ( on the order of several micrometres ) electrically heated up to some temperature above the ambient.

The smaller container, filled with the substance to be heated, fits inside the outer container, filled with the working liquid ( usually water ), and the whole is heated at, or below, the base, causing the temperature of the materials in both containers to rise as needed.

It crystallizes in hexagonal, close-packed α-form at room temperature, but, when heated to temperatures above 1235 ° C, it transforms into its β-form, which has a body-centered cubic structure.

Another advance was the manufacture of kiln charcoal by distilling wood in heated iron retorts instead of burning it in earthern pits ; controlling the temperature influenced the power and consistency of the finished gunpowder.

The parts and the zinc powder are tumbled in a sealed drum while it is heated to slightly below zinc's melting temperature.

Like other cryogenic liquids, helium I boils when it is heated and contracts when its temperature is lowered.

Since annealing brass requires heating it to about 660 F ( 350 C ), the heating must be done in such a way as to heat the neck to that temperature, while preventing the base of the case from being heated and losing its hardness.

The neck of the case is placed in a propane torch flame and heated it until the crayon mark changes color, indicating the correct temperature.

In a nuclear thermal rocket or solar thermal rocket a working fluid, usually hydrogen, is heated to a high temperature, and then expands through a rocket nozzle to create thrust.

In laser ablation for example, a small volume of material at the surface of a work piece can be evaporated if it is heated in a very short time, whereas supplying the energy gradually would allow for the heat to be absorbed into the bulk of the piece, never attaining a sufficiently high temperature at a particular point.

In DSC, a small sample is heated in a way that generates a very precise change in temperature with respect to time.

Gypsum has very low thermal conductivity and maintains a low temperature when heated as it loses that heat by dehydrating ; as such, gypsum is used as an insulator in materials such as plaster and drywall.

When a magnetized ferromagnetic material is heated to the Curie point temperature, the molecules are agitated to the point that the magnetic domains lose the organization and the magnetic properties they cause cease.

The dependence of the hydrogen fusion rate on temperature and pressure means that it is only when it is compressed and heated at the surface of the white dwarf to a temperature of some 20 million kelvin that a nuclear fusion reaction occurs ; at these temperatures, hydrogen burns via the CNO cycle.

HTST pasteurization processes must be designed so the milk is heated evenly, and no part of the milk is subject to a shorter time or a lower temperature.

The wafer is initially heated to a temperature sufficient to drive off any moisture that may be present on the wafer surface.

When the sample is heated, at a certain temperature it will glow from the emission of electrons released from the defects, and this glow can be used to estimate the age of the sample to a threshold of approximately 15 percent of its true age.

Although they are at temperatures of roughly, the contrast with the surrounding material at about 5780 K ( 5500 ° C ) leaves them clearly visible as dark spots, as the luminous intensity of a heated black body ( closely approximated by the photosphere ) is a function of temperature to the fourth power.

The specific heat of the alpha form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature.

A study of the hydrogen line profiles indicates that a measurement of these profiles can be used to calculate a temperature for the arc plasma that is reliable to about Af percent.

In plasma generators as currently commercially available for industrial use or as high temperature research tools often more than 50% of the total energy input is being transferred to the cooling medium of the anode.

Removing the wafer from the plasma region allows processing temperatures down to room temperature.

By regulating the processing parameters — especially the gases introduced, but also including the pressure the system is operated under, the temperature of the diamond, and the method of generating plasma — many different materials that can be considered diamond can be made.

A plasma can be formed by high temperature, or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above.

The extremely high temperature of the resulting plasma cracks the surrounding gas molecules and the free ions recombine to create new chemical compounds.

These spectral features have since been traced to highly ionized iron ( Fe-XIV ) which indicates a plasma temperature in excess of 10 < sup > 6 </ sup > kelvin.

The plasma pressure can be calculated by the state equation of a perfect gas, where is the particle number density, the Boltzmann constant and the plasma temperature.

It is evident from the equation that the plasma pressure lowers when the plasma temperature decreases respect to the surrounding regions or when the zone of intense magnetic field empties.

In certain fields, such as plasma physics, it is convenient to use the electronvolt as a unit of temperature.

Depending on the density, size and temperature of a given cloud, the hydrogen in it can be neutral ( H I regions ), ionized ( H II regions ) ( i. e. a plasma ), or molecular ( molecular clouds ).

Geophysically, the state of the ionospheric plasma may be described by four parameters: electron density, electron and ion temperature and, since several species of ions are present, ionic composition.

The temperature of a star determines its spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere.

Density and temperature of plasma in the magnetosphere and other areas of space.

In the region behind the shock (" magnetosheath ") the velocity drops briefly to the Alfvén velocity ( and the temperature rises, absorbing lost kinetic energy ), but the velocity soon rises back as plasma is dragged forward by the surrounding solar wind flow.

Magnetic fields are used for confinement since no solid material could withstand the extremely high temperature of the plasma.

In an operating fusion reactor, part of the energy generated will serve to maintain the plasma temperature as fresh deuterium and tritium are introduced.

However, in the startup of a reactor, either initially or after a temporary shutdown, the plasma will have to be heated to its operating temperature of greater than 10 keV ( over 100 million degrees Celsius ).

In current tokamak ( and other ) magnetic fusion experiments, insufficient fusion energy is produced to maintain the plasma temperature.

It appears that the maximum plasma temperature attainable by ohmic heating in a tokamak is 20-30 million degrees Celsius.

The high-energy ions then transfer part of their energy to the plasma particles in repeated collisions, increasing the plasma temperature.