This conception was taken up by the early Church Fathers and by canon lawyers and theologians in the Middle Ages ; ;

In the Middle Ages, in the Renaissance, right up to the early nineteenth century, the painter was a giant in the world.

Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages.

After the Communists took control in the 1940s Polish scholars were safer working on the Middle Ages and the early modern era rather than contemporary history.

The reciprocal influence between the French school and Polish historiography was particularly evident in studies on the Middle Ages and the early modern era studied by Braudel.

Amber and extracts were used from the time of Hippocrates in ancient Greece for a wide variety of treatments through the Middle Ages and up until the early twentieth century.

In the high Middle Ages — and well into the early modern period — few intellectuals, if any, questioned the basic assumptions of astrology: humans live within a web of celestial influences that affect our bodies, and thereby motivate us to behave in certain ways.

The Berber peoples of the Maghreb in the early Middle Ages could be roughly classified into three major groups-the Zenata across the north, the Masmuda concentrated in central Morocco and the Sanhaja, clustered in two areas-the western part of the Sahara and the hills of the eastern Maghreb.

In early times there were two northern kingdoms ( Bernicia and Deira ) and two midland ones ( Middle Anglia and Mercia ).

Probably the most recognised style of armour in the World became the plate armour associated with the knights of the European Late Middle Ages, but continuing to the early 17th century Age of Enlightenment in all European countries.

From the early Middle Ages until after the Second Vatican Council the sacrament was administered, within the Latin Church, only when death was approaching and, in practice, bodily recovery was not ordinarily looked for, giving rise, as mentioned above to the name " Extreme Unction " ( i. e. final anointing ).

The name " Bohemia " derives from the Latin term for the Celtic tribe inhabiting that area, the Boii, who were called Boiohaemum in the early Middle Ages.

In Czech, the region since the early Middle Ages has been called only Čechy (" Czech ") or Království české (" Czech Kingdom "), and its mainly Czech-speaking inhabitants were called Čechové ( in modern Czech Češi ).

An inscription on a stone built into the wall of a summer house in Lancarffe furnishes proof of a settlement in Bodmin in the early Middle Ages.

The Battle of Bouvines, which took place on 27 July 1214, was a medieval battle ending the twelve year old Angevin-Flanders War that was fundamental in the early development of France in the Middle Ages by confirming the French crown's sovereignty over the Angevin lands of Brittany and Normandy.

This plant, with 15 independent anaerobic digestors will be the world's largest composting facility once fully operational in early 2011 and forms part of the Qatar Domestic Solid Waste Management Center, the largest integrated waste management complex in the Middle East.

Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the Papal Household and the seven deacons who supervised the Church's works in the districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services.

Second, there are well-documented historical examples of ( small ) societies that have practiced unspecific coercion without the help of State institutions — like Iceland in the early Middle Ages.

The significant Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic culture is best known for its schematic flat idols carved out of the islands ' pure white marble centuries before the great Middle Bronze Age (" Minoan ") culture arose in Crete, to the south: these figures have been looted from burials to satisfy a thriving Cycladic antiquities market since the early 20th century.

Crannogs were used as dwellings over five millennia from the European Neolithic Period, to as late as the 17th / early 18th century although in Scotland, convincing evidence for Early and Middle Bronze Age or Norse Period use is not currently present in the archaeological record.

Celia Heller has called the rigid social segregation and status of Jewish people from Middle Ages through early 20th century in Poland as a closed caste system.

The early hymns sung in Catholic church were brought to Poland by the Franciscan Brothers already in the Middle Ages.

During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small amount of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 10 % of population ), the Althing in Iceland, the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan.

In the early Middle Ages, the conquest of Shewa by the Ifat Sultanate ignited a rivalry for supremacy with the Solomonic Dynasty.

From a rural village in the early Middle Ages Delft developed to a city, that in the 13th century ( 1246 ) received its charter.

* Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages.

Saint Isidore of Seville, one of the greatest scholars of the early Middle Ages, is widely recognized as being the author of the first known encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, the Etymologiae or Origines ( around 630 ), in which he compiled a sizable portion of the learning available at his time, both ancient and modern.

The early Muslim compilations of knowledge in the Middle Ages included many comprehensive works.

Winter annuals are important ecologically, as they provide vegetative cover that prevents soil erosion during winter and early spring when no other cover exists and they provide fresh vegetation for animals and birds that feed on them.

The early detailed source, the Germania of Tacitus, has sometimes been interpreted in such a way as to provide yet other historical problems.

Biological agents are relatively easy to obtain by terrorists and are becoming more threatening in the U. S., and laboratories are working on advanced detection systems to provide early warning, identify contaminated areas and populations at risk, and to facilitate prompt treatment.

By the early 20th century the Liberals stance began to shift towards " New Liberalism ", what would today be called social liberalism: a belief in personal liberty with a support for government intervention to provide minimum levels of welfare.

Conversely, the vast majority of early attempts at proper excavation techniques failed to accurately measure or record stratigraphy, thereby failing to provide a secure context for artefact finds making interpretations extremely limited in scope.

Surveillance systems can provide early alerts to outbreaks, therefore leading to coordinated response and assist in preparation of preparedness plans.

His reactions to the prevailing theories and practices in education, corrections made to these philosophies, and recommendations to teachers and administrators to embrace “ the new education ,” provide a vital account of the history of the development of educational thinking in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 4 Dewey placed so called pragmatism above moral absolutes and helped give rise to situational ethics.

ECMWF's monthly and seasonal forecasts provide early predictions of events such as heat waves, cold spells and droughts, as well as their impacts on sectors such as agriculture, energy and health.

Since the early years of the twentieth century, absolute dating methods, such as radiometric dating ( including potassium / argon, argon / argon, uranium series, and, for very recent fossils, radiocarbon dating ) have been used to verify the relative ages obtained by fossils and to provide absolute ages for many fossils.

In the early days of Islam, fatwās were pronounced by distinguished scholars to provide guidance to other scholars, judges and citizens on how subtle points of Islamic law should be understood, interpreted or applied.

FileMan is a set of utilities written by George Timson in the late 1970s and early 1980s, using MUMPS, which provide a meta-data function for MUMPS applications.

In early 2001 Massoud addressed the European Parliament in Brussels asking the international community to provide humanitarian help to the people of Afghanistan.

Since the early days of writing politicians, diplomats and military commanders understood that it was necessary to provide some mechanism to protect the confidentiality of correspondence and to have some means of detecting tampering.

Carson decided early in 1842 to return to Missouri, taking his daughter Adeline to live with relatives near Carson's former home of Franklin, to provide her with an education.

An early use of knowbots was to provide a computerized assistant to users to complete redundant detailed tasks without a need to train the user in computer technology.

Supporters of Unions, such as the ACTU or Australian Labor Party, often credit trade unions with leading the labour movement in the early 20th century, which generally sought to end child labour practices, improve worker safety, increase wages for both union workers and non-union workers, raise the entire society's standard of living, reduce the hours in a work week, provide public education for children, and bring other benefits to working-class families.

He drew on his contacts with early Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi and Masaccio to provide a practical handbook for the renaissance artist.

Another measure such as life expectancy at age 5 ( e < sub > 5 </ sub >) can be used to exclude the effect of infant mortality to provide a simple measure of overall mortality rates other than in early childhood — in the hypothetical population above, life expectancy at age 5 would be another 65 years.

The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provide an example.

Midwives provide maternity care from early pregnancy to 6 weeks postpartum.

These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in an early farming culture.

During the early 1970s, Mobil ran a TV commercial featuring a character known as " Mr. Dirt " to show the ruinous effects that dirt had on automotive engines for which a tank of Mobil Detergent Gasoline could provide a cure and preventive medicine against damage that could lead to costly repairs.

Initially this was done because it was easier to provide good insulation for the secondary winding of an external coil than it was in a coil buried in the construction of the magneto ( early magnetos had the coil assembly externally to the rotating parts to make them easier to insulate — at the expense of efficiency ).

Unwieldy UNIX licensing issues were also plaguing researchers, so this early effort to provide a non-licensed UNIX-like system environment continued to find use, well into the further development of Mach.