By 1859 — known by Ecuadorian historians as the Terrible Year — the nation was on the brink of anarchy.

By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by Alexander von Humboldt ( 1769 – 1859 ) in natural science and Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 – 1855 ) in mathematics.

By 1859, seven villages existed where modern Kemerovo is now: Shcheglovka ( or Ust-Iskitimskoye ), Kemerovo ( named in 1734 ), Yevseyevo, Krasny Yar, Kur-Iskitim ( Pleshki ), Davydovo ( Ishanovo ), and Borovaya.

By late 1859 the number of Volunteer units were so great that Captain H C Balneavis was appointed Deputy Adjunct-General, based at Auckland.

By 1859, the University had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown.

By 1859, their numbers were reduced to about 1, 400 ; however, by 1874 they were back up to 2, 000.

By 1859, on returning to New Orleans, Morphy declared he was retiring from chess to begin his law career.

By 1849, it was described as a recently increased suburban village, with some handsome old houses, and by 1859 the village had exceeded its neighbour and with the railways and continuous building, the village of Kingsland disappeared.

By 1858 a new courthouse was needed, and the brick building was completed by 1859 at a cost of approximately $ 15, 000.

By 1859 there were more than 60 missionary alumnae ; by 1887 the school's alumnae comprised one-fifth of all female American missionaries for the ABCFM ; and by the end of the century, 248 of its alumnae had entered the mission field.

By 1854, rail service was established to Deer Grove and in 1859 the line was incorporated into the Chicago and Northwestern Railway system.

By 1857 Osawatomie had grown to a town of 800 and in 1859 hosted the first convention of the Kansas Republican Party.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 074, other industries included a gristmill and a carriage factory.

By 1859, the population was 404.

By 1859, it had grown to 246.

By 1859 the population was 93, approximately where it remains today.

By 1859, over 25 million tons of lead had been shipped from Granby mines.

By the spring of 1859, over 4, 000 Pawnee natives flooded the Elkhorn Valley during a hunting excursion and, displeased to find white settlers in the valley, burned several homesteads and killed livestock.

By 1859, the town had two gristmills, seven sawmills, and five shoe factories.

By 1859, industries included a woolen cloth factory, seven sawmills, four shingle mills, four clapboard mills, one grooving machine, one turning machine, and two tanneries.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 252, Effingham Falls had developed into a small mill town, with a woolen factory, five sawmills, three gristmills, and a carriage factory.

By 1859, when the population was 1, 305, the principal occupation was raising cattle and sheep across the hilly terrain.

By 1859, there were 1, 088.

By 1859, when the population was 668, there was also a bobbin factory, a chair factory, and a tannery.

By seeing such varied places, both interesting and beautiful, you will become aware of the many different civilizations Rome has lived through, and in particular, get a feel of Renaissance Rome.

By classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was still normal, but can default.

By 100 Trajan was back in Rome as Emperor instead of merely being a Consul.

By painting the Roman-Christian relations in this light, Luke hopes to persuade Rome that Christians are not enemies of the government and should not be looked upon with suspicion or even fear.

By this time Naples seems to have become tired of his music ; the Romans, however, appreciated it better, and it was at the Teatro Capranica in Rome that he produced some of his finest operas ( Telemaco, 1718 ; Marco Attilio Regolò, 1719 ; La Griselda, 1721 ), as well as some noble specimens of church music, including a mass for chorus and orchestra, composed in honor of Saint Cecilia for Cardinal Acquaviva in 1721.

By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

By 410, Britain was effectively told to look after its own affairs and expect no aid from Rome.

By the mid-1990s, Ghana Airways operated international scheduled passenger and cargo service to numerous European, Middle Eastern, and African destinations, including London, Düsseldorf, Rome, Abidjan, Dakar, Lagos, Lomé, and Johannesburg.

By the time of Augustus there were public libraries near the forums of Rome: there were libraries in the Porticus Octaviae near the Theatre of Marcellus, in the temple of Apollo Palatinus, and in the Bibliotheca Ulpiana in the Forum of Trajan.

The two stories agree on this point: Livy's version is: By this blood-most pure before the outrage wrought by the king's son-I swear, and you, O gods, I call to witness that I will drive hence Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, together with his cursed wife and his whole blood, with fire and sword and every means in my power, and I will not suffer them or any one else to reign in Rome.

By his abuse of the traditional right of asylum granted to ambassadorial precincts in Rome, he precipitated a quarrel between France and the papacy, which resulted in Alexander VII's temporary loss of Avignon and his forced acceptance of the humiliating treaty of Pisa in 1664.

By 1124, there were two great factions dominating local politics in Rome: the Frangipani family, which controlled the region around the fortified Colosseum and supported the northern cardinals, and the Pierleoni family, which controlled the Tiber Island and the fortress of the Theatre of Marcellus and supported the Italian cardinals.

By exploring ideas about Roman loyalty, Greek deceit, and differences in ethnicity, “ Plautus in a sense surpassed his model .” He was not content to rest solely on a loyal adaptation that, while amusing, was not new or engaging for Rome.

By the middle of 739, Liutprand was encroaching once again on the Exarchate, and threatening Rome.

By the time the Antipope Christopher ( 903 – 904 ) seized the chair of Saint Peter by force, circumstances had changed at Rome, with the rise of the magister militum Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, who had been stationed at Rome by the retreating emperor Louis the Blind in 902.

By the end of the third war, after more than a hundred years and the loss of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides, Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and completely destroyed the city, becoming the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean.

By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula, having conquered and defeated the Sabines, the Etruscans, the Samnites and most of the Greek colonies in Sicily, Campania and Southern Italy in general.

By the end of the 16th century, Italy had absorbed the northern influences, with Venice, Rome, and other cities being centers of musical activity, reversing the situation from a hundred years earlier.

By royal command, Lopez returned to Portugal about 1526 and then travelled to Rome, where Pope Clement VII granted him an audience.

By the late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome, as well as a very significant part of Roman society.

It was coined by Tertullian in his work Adversus Praxeas, Chapter I, " By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in heresy ; he put to flight the Paraclete, and he crucified the Father.

By the time that they marched on Rome, however, it was Otho, and not Galba, whom they had to confront.