By 1943, the Partisan resistance movement had gained the upper hand, against the odds, and in 1945, with help from the Soviet Red Army ( passing only through small parts such as Vojvodina ), expelled the Axis forces and local supporters.

By 1943 however, large numbers of fleet and light carriers became available, which required larger formations of three or four carriers.

By the time Hilbert died in 1943, the Nazis had nearly completely restaffed the university, in as much as many of the former faculty had either been Jewish or married to Jews.

By March 1943, the first National Conference of the Communist Party elected Hoxha formally as First Secretary.

By 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, and Allied invasion of Italy, and corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested by the order of King Victor Emmanuel III who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side.

By January 1943, Himmler reported that 629, 000 ethnic Germans had been resettled ; however, most resettled Germans did not live in the envisioned small farms, but in temporary camps or quarters in towns.

Eric D. Weitz wrote, " By 1948, according to Nicolas Werth, the mortality rate of the 600, 000 people deported from the Caucasus between 1943 and 1944 had reached 25 %.

By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 – 1942.

By late 1943, the tide of the war was turning against the Axis powers, but this only spurred Goebbels to intensify the propaganda by urging the Germans to accept the idea of total war and mobilization.

By comparing the photographic plates of the Pleiades cluster taken in 1918 with images taken in 1943, van Maanen was able to identify those stars that had a proper motion similar to the mean motion of the cluster, and were therefore more likely to be members.

By midsummer 1943, the first trial runs of the assembly-line in the Production Works at Werke Süd were made,

By 1943 they produced the SU-85, and by late 1944 the SU-100, which mounted powerful guns on modern chassis with full armour protection.

By the time the writs were dropped for the 1943 federal election, the Coalition had sunk into near paralysis.

By 9 February 1942, Peenemünde engineer de Beek had documented the radio interference area of a V-2 as 10, 000 meters around the “ Firing Point ”, and the first successful A-4 flight on 3 October 1943, used radio control for Brennschluss.

By the early 1940s, the British film industry began to combine documentary techniques with fictional stories in films like Noël Coward's In Which We Serve ( 1942 ), Millions Like Us ( 1943 ) and The Way Ahead ( 1944 ).

By the middle of 1943, however, it became clear audiences were tired of war films.

By the time the smoke had cleared in 1943, NBC found itself shorn of its Blue network, which became ABC.

By the time GC 3 relocated to Tula on 6 November 1943, only six pilots remained from the original groupe, which had accumulated 72 aerial victories since becoming operational.

By mid-March 1943, the counter-offensive of the U. S. II Corps, along with the rest of the British 1st Army, pushed the Germans and Italians eastward.

By 1943 the Italian people had lost faith in Mussolini and no longer supported the war ; Italy had lost its colonies, the allies had taken North Africa in May, and Sicily had been invaded in July.

By the end of 1943, the Soviets had gained the upper hand and the Germans were retreating.

By 1943, the tide began to turn.

By December 1943, these Secondary Schools had reached their capacity, and a major portion of Navy Pier was quickly converted to a fourth school.

* Evatt, H. V., Rum Rebellion: A Study Of The Overthrow Of Governor Bligh By John Macarthur And The New South Wales, 1943.

By the time of Operation Overlord in June 1944, the Allies had gained near complete air superiority over the Western Front.

By mid-1942, the Allies began to regroup and while some Allied aircraft such as the Brewster Buffalo and the P-39 were hopelessly outclassed by fighters like Japan's Zero, others such as the Army's P-40 and the Navy's Wildcat possessed attributes such as superior firepower, ruggedness and dive speed, and the Allies soon developed tactics ( such as the Thach weave ) to take advantage of these strengths.

By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies.

By 1941, Germany had given up hope of evicting the Allies from the island and the constant air raids stopped.

By the beginning of 1945, with the Soviets on the Oder and the Western Allies preparing to cross the Rhine, Goebbels could no longer disguise the fact that defeat was inevitable.

By shutting down the German industry the Allies disrupted intra-European trade, a trade that was vital for European recovery, and they thereby delayed European economic recovery.

By this time the Allies were already reading Naval Enigma routinely.

By early 1947, the Allies held 90, 000 Nazis in detention ; another 1, 900, 000 were forbidden to work as anything but manual labourers.

By December the Allies ' progress had slowed facing tenacious German resistance and the difficult geography of the Italian Peninsula.

By threatening any weakened Norwegian defence the Allies hoped to prevent or delay reinforcement of France following the Normandy invasion.

By an exercise of brilliant psychological deception, and a secretive night march covering nearly 40 miles in 18 hours, the Allies penetrated the allegedly impregnable lines without losing a single man ; Marlborough was now in position to besiege the fortress of Bouchain.

By 11 June it was evident that the Allies could not be dislodged from their beach-head in Normandy.

By this time, Saipan had fallen to the Allies.

By February 18, after desperate fighting, the Allies ' Final Beachhead Line ( prepared defenses more or less on the line of the original beachhead ) was under attack.

By 8 September 1943, when Italy surrendered to the Allies, only around 60 of the aircraft were in flying condition.

By shielding Barcelona in this way the Allies kept Spain in the war for two more years.

By the spring 1944, the Luftwaffe could not effectively challenge the Allies over France or the Low Countries.

By that time the Allies had already landed thousands of troops, vehicles and hundreds of tanks.

By the night of 16 / 17 August, Army Group G headquarters realized that they could not drive the Allies back into the sea.

By December 1942, with Allied forces advancing through Tunisia the North African campaign was coming to a close ; with victory in North Africa imminent, discussions began among the Allies regarding the nature of their next objective.

By that time Brazil had also sent a Naval Force, the Naval Division in War Operations ( DNOG ), commanded by Pedro Max Frontin to join the Allies ' Naval Forces in the Mediterranean.

By September 1944 the Western Allies had reached Germany's western border, which was protected by the extensive Siegfried Line.

By 22 April, the Allies took the position after hard fighting and the rest of the troops fled and held out in the west for another two months.