By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union.

By 1990 the Soviet government had lost control over economic conditions.

By 1990, an estimated 50 % of islanders had some degree of proficiency in Corsican, and a small minority, perhaps 10 %, used Corsican as a first language.

By the end of 1990 almost 15 million homes had been included in franchised areas, but only 828, 000 of these had been passed by broadband cable and only 149, 000 were actually subscribing.

By 1990, after efforts by Wendy's agency, Backer Spielvolgel Bates, to get humor into the campaign, a decision was made to portray Thomas in a more self-deprecating and folksy manner, which proved much more popular with test audiences.

By 1990, floorball was recognized in 7 countries, and by the time of the first European Floorball Championships in 1994, that number had risen to 14.

By 1990, Chile had fulfilled Hayek's prediction by transitioning to a democratic state as established in the 1980 Constitution of Chile approved during the Pinochet regime.

By 1990 an additional five free zones were in operation in Omoa, Coloma, Tela, La Ceiba, and Amapala.

By 1990 the poorest parts of Malaysia were rural Sabah and Sarawak, which lagged significantly behind the rest of the country.

By 1990, income per capita in Japan equalled or surpassed that in most countries in the West.

By 1990 Japan's interaction with the vast majority of Asia-Pacific countries, especially its burgeoning economic exchanges, was multifaceted and increasingly important to the recipient countries.

By October, a first quarter 1990 release was envisaged.

By the middle of 1990, Taylor controlled much of the country, and by June laid siege to Monrovia.

By 1990 only a handful of Polonized Germans, prewar citizens of Liegnitz, remained of the pre-1945 German population.

By December 1990, a study to estimate the project's cost determined that long-term expenditure would total approximately 450 billion dollars spread over 20 to 30 years.

By the time of Windows 3. 0's 1990 release, PCs had caught up in processing power and had acquired a graphical interface, and software titles began to see release on multiple platforms.

By November 1990, only four months later, the 5th Battalion had deployed and in early 1991 the 21st Guards Battalion had also been formed, four staff courses had been run, support weapons and logistics training was well advanced ( indeed a logistics battalion deployed as early as July 1990 ) and an operational test exercise had been conducted.

By a law that took effect in April 1990, the EPS became subordinate to President Chamorro as commander in chief.

By the end of 1989, the last hardline members of the party's Central Committee had either resigned or been pushed out, followed in 1990 by 95 % of the SED's 2. 3 million members.

By early 1990, the PDS was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party, though neo-marxist and communist minority factions continue to exist.

By the time of the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress in July 1990, the CPSU was regarded by liberals and nationalists of the constituent republics as anachronistic and unable to lead the country.

By 1990 the government had virtually lost control over economic conditions.

By late 1990, Phish's concerts were becoming more and more intricate, often making a consistent effort to involve the audience in the performance.

By summer 1998, Compaq was suffering from product-quality problems.

By extending the 16 / 24-bit IBM PC / AT standard into a natively 32-bit computing environment, Compaq became the first third party to implement a major technical hardware advance on the PC platform.

By the time OSF stopped development of OSF / 1 in 1994, the only major UNIX system vendor using the complete OSF / 1 package was Digital, which rebranded it Digital UNIX ( later known as Tru64 UNIX after Digital's acquisition by Compaq ).

By the mid 1990s major PC OEMs such as Compaq and Hewlett-Packard were outsourcing their own complete end-to-end system design and manufacture to Original Design Manufacturers ( ODMs ) based in Taiwan, and were moving at least some of their manufacturing to cheaper locations overseas.

By the time he started the Pentium project, a large number of established and new players, including the AIM consortium ( a consortium led by Apple, IBM and Motorola ) an Advanced Computing Environment ( ACE ) consortium formed in 1991 and led by Compaq, Microsoft, DEC, and MIPS Technologies, Inc, and a consortium by Sun Microsystems ( which comprised companies like Sun, Fujitsu, Philips, Tatung and Amdahl ), using superior RISC ( Reduced Instructions Based Computing ) had all begun aggressively working on their big idea for the PC industry and these projects seriously threatened Intel ’ s dominance in the segment.

By the 1960s the school was building a vast publishing and research network reaching across France, Europe, and the rest of the world.

The largest species are red alder ( A. rubra ) on the west coast of North America, and black alder ( A. glutinosa ), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 m. By contrast, the widespread Alnus viridis ( green alder ) is rarely more than a 5 m tall shrub.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized the string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

By the 18th century an increasing number of new plants had arrived in Europe from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide and a larger number of plants became available for study.

By the end of 1346, reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe: " India was depopulated, Tartary, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia were covered with dead bodies ".

By managing the European and African populations as one-by strategic exports from Europe combined with in-situ transfers, gene-loss is reduced to 0. 72 % every 100 years with both populations remaining stable.

By this route, they could easily reach Muslim-controlled Tortosa, which was the main marketplace in Europe dealing with slaves.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By the time of the rediscovery of the Roman law in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, the common law had already developed far enough to prevent a Roman law reception as it occurred on the continent.

By 0. 3 Mya, Canis lupus ( the gray wolf ) was fully developed and had spread throughout Europe and northern Asia ; and Beringia offered a way to North America.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By the 12th to 13th centuries A. D., monks were preparing illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment in monasteries throughout Europe and were using lead styli to draw lines for their writings and for the outlines for their illuminations.

By 1985, a case had not been heard of in the past twenty years whereas previously Albania had the greatest number of patients infected in Europe.

By 1918 the use of the iris to begin and end sequences was starting to decrease in the United States, though in Europe it was just starting to become fashionable.

By ancient tradition, Basques, and indeed other peoples in Medieval Europe, held assemblies under a tree, usually an oak, to discuss matters affecting the community.

By the mid-17th century fireworks were used for entertainment on an unprecedented scale in Europe, being popular even at resorts and public gardens.

By the 1780s, Saint-Domingue produced about 40 percent of all the sugar and 60 percent of all the coffee consumed in Europe.

By the middle of the 12th century, coats of arms were being inherited by the children of armigers ( persons entitled to use a coat of arms ) across Europe.

He released Come By Me, his first album of big band music in eight years in 1999, and embarked on a world tour visiting the United States, Europe, Japan and Australia.

By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory and " souling ", the custom of baking bread or soul cakes for " all crysten christened souls ".

By the late 20th century religion had declined to only a weak force in most of Europe.

By far the greatest peasant uprising in 17th-century Europe erupted in 1667.

By the summer of 1940 Belgium had fallen to Germany along with most of Western Continental Europe.