By the 12th century, the Mishneh Torah ( i. e., Rabbi Moses Maimonides ) was criticizing Christianity on the grounds of idol worship, in that Christians attributed divinity to Jesus who had a physical body.

By the time of the rediscovery of the Roman law in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, the common law had already developed far enough to prevent a Roman law reception as it occurred on the continent.

By the middle of the 12th century, coats of arms were being inherited by the children of armigers ( persons entitled to use a coat of arms ) across Europe.

By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory and " souling ", the custom of baking bread or soul cakes for " all crysten christened souls ".

By the 12th century, the Akan Kingdom of Bonoman ( Bono State ) was established.

By the 12th century, they had established their center at Azcapotzalco, the city of the Tepanecs.

By the 12th century, the peoples inhabiting the lands now known as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania formed a pagan wedge between increasingly powerful rival Christian states – Greek Orthodox Church to their east and Catholic Church to their west.

By overblowing, that is, increasing the pressure of breath and tension of lips, odd harmonics ( notes whose frequencies are odd-number multiples of the fundamental ), near a 12th in cylindrical tubes, may also be produced.

By the 11th and 12th century, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and ( Eastern ) Kipchaks ( who are considered to be either the eastern branch of the Cumans or a distinct but related tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and western Wallachia.

By the 12th century AD, a number of loosely connected rice-growing and trading states flourished in the upper Chao Phraya Valley.

By the 12th century, Tongans, and the Tongan kings, the Tu ' i Tonga, were known across the Pacific, from Niuē, Samoa to Tikopia they ruled these nations for over 400 years, sparking some historians to refer to a " Tongan Empire ," although it was more so a network of interacting navigators, chiefs, and adventurers.

By the 11th and 12th centuries, European fighting ships were built with raised platforms fore and aft, from which archers could shoot down into the relatively low longships.

By the 12th century, all Wendish lands had become part of the Holy Roman Empire.

By the 11th and 12th centuries a more advanced society was beginning to emerge.

By 1200 BC the power of Mycenae was declining ; during the 12th century, Mycenaean dominance collapsed.

By the end of the 12th century, there were cast iron grenades filled with gunpowder formulations capable of bursting through their metal containers.

By the 12th century, eight Georgian monasteries were listed in Jerusalem.

By the 12th century, Totnes was already an important market town, due to its position on one of the main roads of the South West, in conjunction with its easy access to its hinterland and the easy navigation of the River Dart.

By the 12th and final season, series regular James MacArthur had left the show ( in 1996, he admitted that he had become tired and wanted to do other things ), as had Kam Fong.

By the 12th century Italian flutes came in a variety of sizes, and fragments of 12th-century Norman bone whistles have been found in Ireland, and an intact 14 cm Tusculum clay whistle from the 14th century in Scotland.

By the 12th century, " Saracen " had become synonymous with " Muslim " in Medieval Latin literature.

By the 12th century, Medieval Europeans had more specific conceptions of Islam and " Saracen " had become a racial and religious marker.

By calculating the area under the relevant portion of the graph for 50 trials, the archaeologist can say that there is practically no chance the site was inhabited in the 11th and 12th centuries, about 1 % chance that it was inhabited during the 13th century, 63 % chance during the 14th century and 36 % during the 15th century.

By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe.

By the 13th century, the city was an important port, with a mixed Basque and Gascon population.

By the mid-to-late 13th century, the Chinese had adopted the dogma of Neo-Confucian philosophy formulated by Zhu Xi.

Coal ( from the Old English term col, which has meant " mineral of fossilized carbon " since the 13th century ) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds By comparison in 2007, natural gas provided of oil equivalent per day, while oil provided per day.

By the late 13th century, rich Europeans began to grow gardens for leisure and for medicinal herbs and vegetables.

By the 13th century, shoes were forged in large quantities and could be bought ready-made.

By the 13th century, Hindustān emerged as a popular alternative name of India, meaning the " land of Hindus ".< ref >

By the late 13th century, the Siamese kings of Sukhothai had brought most of Malaya under their rule.

By population, it ranks 13th, having fewer inhabitants than Borneo or Sulawesi, but more than Salsette ( Mumbai ) or Cuba.

By the 13th century, Kanem's rule expanded.

By the time of the largest expansion towards Kievan Rus ' lands, at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the GDL was about 800, 000 km < sup > 2 </ sup >, of which 10 % was ethnically Lithuanian.

By the 13th century, tanka had become the dominant form of Japanese poetry, and it is still widely written today.

By at least the 13th century, he had become identified with the Irish Saint Ciarán of Saighir who founded the monastery at Seir-Kieran ( Saighir ) in County Offaly.

By the late 13th century, the monarch of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam.

By the 13th century this revision had come to be called the versio vulgata, that is, the " commonly used translation ", and ultimately it became the definitive and officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible in the Roman Catholic Church.

By the end of the 13th century most of the Prussian region, including Warmia, was conquered and Christianized by the Teutonic Order.

By most accounts, the earliest Arabic and Latin descriptions of the purification of saltpeter do not appear until the 13th century.

By the 13th century the following major counties had developed in Estonia: Saaremaa ( Osilia ), Läänemaa ( Rotalia or Maritima ), Harjumaa ( Harria ), Rävala ( Revalia ), Virumaa ( Vironia ), Järvamaa ( Jervia ), Sakala ( Saccala ), and Ugandi ( Ugaunia ).

By the 13th century, candle making had become a guild craft in England and France.

By the end of the 13th century the linguistic border had shifted to the river Lys in the south and Cap-Griz-Nez in the west.

By the 12th to 13th centuries AD, magnetic compasses were used in navigation in China, Europe, and elsewhere.

By the 13th century, there were as many as twenty thousand foreign students resident in the city, making Paris the capital of knowledge of the Western world.

By the 13th century, Puebloans used turkey feather blankets for warmth.