By 335 BC he had returned to Athens, establishing his own school there known as the Lyceum.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

By the end of the reign of Naram-Sin's son, Shar-kali-sharri ( 2217 – 2193 BC ), the empire had weakened.

By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, the Babylonian mathematics had a sophisticated sexagesimal positional numeral system.

By 300 BC, a punctuation symbol ( two slanted wedges ) was co-opted as a placeholder in the same Babylonian system.

By 473 BC, after the death of Phrynichus, one of his chief rivals, Aeschylus was the yearly favorite in the Dionysia, winning first prize in nearly every competition.

By 431 BC Athens ' heavy-handed control of the Delian League would prompt the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War ; the League was dissolved upon the war's conclusion in 404 BC.

By 500 BC, Ionia appears to have been ripe for rebellion against these Persian clients.

By 150 BC, Assyria was under the control of the Parthian Empire as Athura ( the Parthian word for Assyria ) where the Assyrian city of Ashur seems to have gained a degree of autonomy, and temples to the native gods of Assyria were resurrected.

By the 7th century BC, much of the Assyrian population used Akkadian influenced Eastern Aramaic and not Akkadian itself.

By the 1st century BC, Aediles were elected in July, and took office on the first day in January.

By 1000 BC Greek and Phoenician traders had begun to visit the eastern coast of Spain, establishing small trading ports and introducing the native Iberian tribes to the alphabet, iron and the pottery wheel.

By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

By the terms of the Thirty Years ' Peace ( 445 BC ) Athens covenanted to restore to Aegina her autonomy, but the clause remained a dead letter.

By the 8th – 7th century BC Assyrian cuneiform tablets mention the exploitation of the " copper of the mountains " and this may refer to " natural " brass.

By the first century BC brass was available in sufficient supply to use as coinage in Phrygia and Bithynia, and after the Augustan currency reform of 23 BC it was also used to make Roman dupondii and sestertii.

By 1000 BC ancient civilizations were using technologies that formed the basis of the various branches of chemistry such as ; extracting metal from their ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.

By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou Dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley, overrunning the territory of the Shang.

By roughly the 1st century BC, the ancient kingdom of Buyeo also had mounted warriors.

By the 200s BC, the crossbow () was well developed and quite widely used in China.

By the 9th century BC, the Kingdom of Israel, once united under King Solomon, was divided into the northern Kingdom of Israel and southern Kingdom of Judah, which retained the historic seat of government and focus of the Israelite religion at the Temple in Jerusalem.

By 325, the controversy had become significant enough that the Emperor Constantine called an assembly of bishops, the First Council of Nicaea, which condemned Arius ' doctrine and formulated the original Nicene Creed of 325.

By 100 Trajan was back in Rome as Emperor instead of merely being a Consul.

By the lake is the Daulat Bāgh, a garden laid out by Emperor Jahāngīr.

* Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia By Robert Adam, 1764.

By this time, Davros has been physically transplanted into a customised Dalek casing and is only revealed as the Emperor in the final episode.

By the story's end the Emperor personality is dominant, and the Daleks agree to follow him and leave Earth.

By May 1683 the Ottoman threat to Emperor Leopold I's capital, Vienna, was very real.

By 327, Emperor Constantine I had begun to regret the decisions that had been made at the Nicene Council.

By the first days of January, Emperor Menelik, accompanied by his Queen Taytu Betul, had led large forces into Tigray, and besieged the Italians for 15 days ( 6 – 21 January 1896 ), trying in vain to storm the fort on several occasions, until the Italians surrendered with permission from the Italian Headquarters.

By this time Emperor Julian had publicly declared himself in opposition to Christianity.

By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with Renault of Dammartin, who controlled Boulogne, and Count Ferdinand of Flanders, as well as Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany ; Otto was also John's nephew.

By excluding the Bavarian line of Ottonians from the line of succession, Otto's son and successor Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor strengthened Imperial authority and secured his own son's succession to the Imperial throne.

By the 1880s, Sahle Selassie, king of Shewa ( the later Emperor Menelik II ) allied with Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia to expand his kingdom to the South and East, expanding into areas that hadn't been held together since the invasion of Ahmed Gragn.

By this marriage, he became the brother-in-law of the future Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.

By agreement reached at the Peace of Venice in 1177 the bitter conflict between Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I was brought to an end.

By the action of the Emperor Maximilian and of other German princes they were, in the 16th century, once more restricted to Westphalia, and here, too, they were brought under the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts, and finally confined to mere police duties.

By 1490 the opposition of the population of Tirol compelled Sigismund to hand over the rulership to Archduke Maximilian I, who later became Holy Roman Emperor.

By acquiring the Lordships of Schellenberg and Vaduz, modest areas of mountain villages each of which was directly subordinate to the Emperor because there was no duke of Swabia any longer, the Prince of Liechtenstein achieved his goal.

By the 6th century, Emperor Justinian had re-conquered the area for the Byzantine Empire.

The King adopted the following style by which he would be known in all of his Empire: By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.

By the year 737, Emperor Xuanzong discarded the policy of conscripting soldiers that were replaced every three years, replacing them with long-service soldiers who were more battle-hardened and efficient.

By traditional Chinese historiography, no Three Kingdoms era officially existed, since in a legal sense the Mandate of Heaven was passed legitimately from the Han Emperor Xian to Cao Wei, and then on to the Jìn Dynasty.

By December his son Cao Pi ( 187 – 226 CE ) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei.

By 110 BCE Emperor Wu also interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government-stored grain at a lower price than demanded by merchants.