By repeatedly evaluating their course, and adjusting if they are moving in the wrong direction, bacteria can direct their motion to find favorable locations with high concentrations of attractants ( usually food ) and avoid repellents ( usually poisons ).

By careful testing and adjusting the proportions and grinding time, powder from mills such as at Essonne outside Paris became the best in the world by 1788, and inexpensive.

By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

By adjusting the pH of some toxic materials, we are reducing the leaching ability of the waste.

By adjusting the local oscillator frequency correctly, the beat frequency is in the audio range, and can be heard as a tone in the receiver's earphones whenever the transmitter signal is present.

By adjusting the amount of gas exchange, they can restrict the amount of water lost through transpiration.

By adjusting the odds in his favour or by having a point spread, the bookmaker will aim to guarantee a profit by achieving a ' balanced book ', either by getting an equal number of bets for each outcome, or ( when he is offering odds ) by getting the amounts wagered on each outcome to reflect the odds.

By adjusting a diaphragm to dim one of the images until the sunlit portion had the same apparent brightness as the earthlit portion on the unadjusted image, he could quantify the diaphragm adjustment, and thus had a real measurement for the brightness of Earthshine.

By adjusting the bias with respect to group and phase delay the overall distortion of high frequency signals is also greatly reduced.

By adjusting the intensity of the first field, it was possible to arrange it so that the luminosity of the phosphor had decayed to exactly match that of the second field, so that the two appeared to be at the same level and the film camera captured both. This method came to be preferred.

By adjusting the tilt, which adds a controlled phase gradient to the fringe pattern, one can control the spacing and direction of the fringes, so that one may obtain an easily interpreted series of nearly parallel fringes rather than a complex swirl of contour lines.

By adjusting the gas pressure using the gas gland or oval window the fish can obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend and descend to a large range of depths.

By changing focal length and adjusting the camera's distance from the pink bottle, it remains the same size in the image, while the blue bottle's size appears to dramatically change.

By adjusting the amplifier's gain through the main 4-bit volume register, this bias could be modulated as PCM, resulting in a " virtual " fourth channel allowing 4-bit digital sample playback.

By adjusting the flow of the electrical charge, this alloy can reshape and mold itself into any form.

By adjusting the frequency of individual cavities, the technician can change the operating frequency, gain, output power, or bandwidth of the amplifier.

By adjusting the swash plate in the motor, the stroke of its pistons are changed.

By simply placing the icons in sequence and adjusting their properties, authors could instantly see the structure of program they were creating and, most importantly, run it to see what learners would see.

By means of an adjusting screw the lower edge of the disc is made to touch the oil-covered mercury with a pressure small enough not to puncture the film of oil.

By adjusting the two forces, one will be able to obtain a good optical sorting efficiency.

By adjusting the offset, a cutting tool of a specific diameter can be used to drill holes of different diameters as illustrated.

By definition, in the long run the firm can change its scale of operations by adjusting the level of inputs that are fixed in the short run, thereby shifting the production function upward as plotted against the variable input.

By creating and adjusting multiple points along a waveform or control events, the user can specify parameters of the output over time ( e. g., volume or pan ).

By the 19th century, clock parts were beginning to be made in small factories, but the skilled work of designing, assembling, and adjusting the clock was still done by clockmaking shops.

By the time the island was surrendered to the British in 1797 the population had increased to 17, 643: 2, 086 whites, 1, 082 free people of colour, 1, 082 Amerindians, and 10, 009 African slaves.

By virtue of its colour, the cane also works as a means of identification.

By contrast, modern critical opinion as expressed by Macdonald is that Djamileh is " a truly enchanting piece, full of inventive touches, especially of chromatic colour.

By the time the multiple had been manufactured by Maciunas, it was a block of solid plastic contained in a plastic box of the same colour.

By changing the way they paint, apply colour, texture, perspective, or the way they see shapes and ideas, the artist establishes a certain set of " rules ".

By the nineteenth century most artists worked in colour.

By adding aquatint work on the plate and inking with various colours, artists such as Mary Cassatt have produced colour drypoints.

By the inductive hypothesis, it contains either a K < sub > n </ sub >< sub >< sub > i </ sub ></ sub > monochromatically coloured with colour i for some 1 ≤ i ≤ ( c − 2 ) or a K < sub > R ( n </ sub >< sub >< sub > c − 1 </ sub >, n < sub > c </ sub >)</ sub >- coloured in the ' blurred colour '.

By comparison, humans have only five visual pigments, four dedicated to see colour but the lenses block ultraviolet light.

By 1650 the town was known for the manufacture of " Blackburn checks ", blue and white in colour, with " Blackburn greys " becoming famous not long afterwards.

By causing certain cells or structures to take on contrasting colour ( s ), their form ( morphology ) or position within a cell or tissue can be readily seen and studied.

By the 18th century, it was recorded that all terriers were wire haired, and black and tan in colour.

By directing differing intensities of electron beams onto the three phosphor dots, the triad will display a colour by combining the red, green and blue elements.

By the time William Stroudley became Locomotive Superintendent the colour had become a variant of the common Brunswick Green used by many other companies.

By Salim Ali, with 22 plates ( 16 in colour by D. V.

By the end of 1942, however, all vessels of destroyer size and larger had dispensed with Mountbatten Pink, although it is believed that smaller vessels retained this colour until well into 1944.

By the age of twenty Jan Weenix rivalled and then subsequently surpassed his father in breadth of treatment and richness of colour.

By examining melanosome structure and distribution, Zhang and colleagues were able to confirm the presence of light and dark bands of colour in the tail feathers of Sinosauropteryx.

By contrast, anemone-centred flowers have, cupped within the five normal outer petals, a ring of much shorter, more curved extra petals ( sometimes trumpet-shaped, intermediate in appearance between petals and nectaries ), which may be a different colour from the outer petals.

By the 1960s and 70s, Gliha was using the motif to investigate the depth of the picture's space, the effect of light on the ethereal quality of the atmosphere and colour accents upon the plasticity of the form.

By pouring colour substances on a laid out canvass and directing the process only to a restricted degree through swaying the picture's surface, Polke surrenders the task of pictorial invention to the colours themselves.

By 2006, the oxygen levels in the river had reached a level where fish could survive, however the water colour was still dark.

By the time of Monstrous Regiment, his commandments were becoming rather nonsensical — among his ever-growing list of Abominations were cats, the colour blue, Dwarfs, oysters, mushrooms, chocolate, garlic, babies, cheese, the smell of beets, ears, jigsaw puzzles, crop rotation, shirts with six buttons, and rocks.