By repeatedly evaluating their course, and adjusting if they are moving in the wrong direction, bacteria can direct their motion to find favorable locations with high concentrations of attractants ( usually food ) and avoid repellents ( usually poisons ).

By careful testing and adjusting the proportions and grinding time, powder from mills such as at Essonne outside Paris became the best in the world by 1788, and inexpensive.

By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

By adjusting the local oscillator frequency correctly, the beat frequency is in the audio range, and can be heard as a tone in the receiver's earphones whenever the transmitter signal is present.

By adjusting the amount of gas exchange, they can restrict the amount of water lost through transpiration.

By adjusting the odds in his favour or by having a point spread, the bookmaker will aim to guarantee a profit by achieving a ' balanced book ', either by getting an equal number of bets for each outcome, or ( when he is offering odds ) by getting the amounts wagered on each outcome to reflect the odds.

By adjusting a diaphragm to dim one of the images until the sunlit portion had the same apparent brightness as the earthlit portion on the unadjusted image, he could quantify the diaphragm adjustment, and thus had a real measurement for the brightness of Earthshine.

By adjusting the bias with respect to group and phase delay the overall distortion of high frequency signals is also greatly reduced.

By adjusting the intensity of the first field, it was possible to arrange it so that the luminosity of the phosphor had decayed to exactly match that of the second field, so that the two appeared to be at the same level and the film camera captured both. This method came to be preferred.

By adjusting the tilt, which adds a controlled phase gradient to the fringe pattern, one can control the spacing and direction of the fringes, so that one may obtain an easily interpreted series of nearly parallel fringes rather than a complex swirl of contour lines.

By adjusting the gas pressure using the gas gland or oval window the fish can obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend and descend to a large range of depths.

By changing focal length and adjusting the camera's distance from the pink bottle, it remains the same size in the image, while the blue bottle's size appears to dramatically change.

By adjusting the amplifier's gain through the main 4-bit volume register, this bias could be modulated as PCM, resulting in a " virtual " fourth channel allowing 4-bit digital sample playback.

By adjusting the flow of the electrical charge, this alloy can reshape and mold itself into any form.

By adjusting the frequency of individual cavities, the technician can change the operating frequency, gain, output power, or bandwidth of the amplifier.

By adjusting the swash plate in the motor, the stroke of its pistons are changed.

By adjusting the colour value in the palette, all pixels with that palette value change simultaneously in the image or animation.

By simply placing the icons in sequence and adjusting their properties, authors could instantly see the structure of program they were creating and, most importantly, run it to see what learners would see.

By means of an adjusting screw the lower edge of the disc is made to touch the oil-covered mercury with a pressure small enough not to puncture the film of oil.

By adjusting the two forces, one will be able to obtain a good optical sorting efficiency.

By adjusting the offset, a cutting tool of a specific diameter can be used to drill holes of different diameters as illustrated.

By definition, in the long run the firm can change its scale of operations by adjusting the level of inputs that are fixed in the short run, thereby shifting the production function upward as plotted against the variable input.

By creating and adjusting multiple points along a waveform or control events, the user can specify parameters of the output over time ( e. g., volume or pan ).

By the 19th century, clock parts were beginning to be made in small factories, but the skilled work of designing, assembling, and adjusting the clock was still done by clockmaking shops.

By the same principle when the pH is too high, the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ( HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >-</ sup >) into urine as urea via the Urea Cycle ( aka the Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle ).

By lowering the pH of the solvent in a cation exchange column, for instance, more hydrogen ions are available to compete for positions on the anionic stationary phase, thereby eluting weakly bound cations.

By lowering the pH levels in the venous capillaries, oxygen unbinds from blood hemoglobin.

By adjusting the pH or the ionic concentration of the mobile phase, various protein molecules can be separated.

By changing the pH so that the net charge on the protein is negative, it too will be eluted.

By utilizing the lactose available in the medium, Lac + bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter and Klebsiella will produce acid, which lowers the pH of the agar below 6. 8 and results in the appearance of red / pink colonies.

By pre-soaking the maize, minimizing the alkali used to adjust the pH of the alkaline solution, reducing the cooking temperature, accelerating processing, and reusing excess processing liquids, enzymatic nixtamalization can reduce the use of energy and water, lower nejayote waste production, decrease maize lost in processing, and shorten the production time ( to approximately four hours ) compared to traditional nixtamalization.

By subduing disparate lesser groups the nation has, to some degree at least, broadened the capacity for individual liberty.

By monitoring, we mean some system of control over the types of information sent from the various centers.

By reducing rates as much as 60 per cent, it and its associated railroads hope to win back some of the business they have lost to truckers and barge lines.

By permitting freshman students we might extend the opportunity for such a course to some individuals who otherwise might never get to take it.

By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By some estimates, this might account for most of the internal radiation damage, as the recoil nuclei are typically heavy metals which preferentially collect on the chromosomes.

Proof: By symmetry, it suffices to prove that there is some constant c such that for all bitstrings s

By providing extra storage this modification also allowed some games and applications intended for the BBC Micro to function on the Electron despite the lack of a native Mode 7.

By " art " we may frame several artistic " works " or " creations " as so though this reference remains within the institution or special event which creates it and this leaves some works or other possible " art " outside of the frame work, or other interpretations such as other phenomenon which may not be considered as " art ".

" Caplan comments on the impact of the Supreme Court's decision making it necessary for there to be evidence of guilt in such a plea, " By requiring that there be some evidence of guilt in such a situation, the decision attempts to protect the ' really ' innocent from the temptations to which plea-bargaining and defense attorneys may subject them.

By this time Naples seems to have become tired of his music ; the Romans, however, appreciated it better, and it was at the Teatro Capranica in Rome that he produced some of his finest operas ( Telemaco, 1718 ; Marco Attilio Regolò, 1719 ; La Griselda, 1721 ), as well as some noble specimens of church music, including a mass for chorus and orchestra, composed in honor of Saint Cecilia for Cardinal Acquaviva in 1721.

The album's title song received some pop radio airplay and crossed over to No. 96 on the Billboard Hot 100, and " 1974 ( We Were Young )" and " Saved By Love " also charted as Adult Contemporary songs.

By offering to isolate her in Senex's house, he is able to give Philia and Hero some time alone together, and the two fall in love.

By 1867, it ballooned to over 400 members, including some clubs from as far away as San Francisco and Louisiana.

By 2011, 165 countries had signed the treaty and none are known-though some are still suspected-to possess any biological weapons.

By the turn of the 21st century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street.

By 16: 00, Alexander and Swiftsure were also in sight, although some distance from the main British fleet, and Brueys gave orders to abandon the plan to remain at anchor and instead for his line to set sails, although Blanquet protested the order on the grounds that there were not enough men aboard the French ships to both sail the ships and man the guns.

By 1866 the collection consisted of some 10, 000 objects.

By the 1980s, many of Balsall Heath's houses were in a dilapidated condition, some were still without bathrooms or indoor toilets.

By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40, 000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics.

By contrast to statutory codification of common law, some statutes displace common law, for example to create a new cause of action that did not exist in the common law, or to legislatively overrule the common law.

By the middle of the decade, some of the 1950s generation of American comedians, such as Jerry Lewis, went into decline, while Peter Sellers found success with international audiences in his first American film The Pink Panther.

By 1900, most of the industrializing nations were on some form of gold standard, with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium.