By applying this general principle, a great number of complex compounds of osmium, ruthenium, iridium, and rhenium, with triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine, and triphenylstibine have been obtained in this laboratory during the past few years.

By 30 July the Greek army was outnumbered by the counter-attacking Bulgarian army, which attempted to encircle the Greeks in a Cannae-type battle, by applying pressure on their flanks.

By applying the chain rule, the last expression becomes:

By twice applying the transformation above from the stationary to the rotating frame, the absolute acceleration of the particle can be written as:

By 1912 and 1913, there are beginning to be many films from many American companies that rely on applying novel decoration to the story, rather than supplying any twists to the drama itself to sustain interest.

By applying voltage to G, one can control I < sub > D </ sub >.

By applying his construction to the sequence of real algebraic numbers, Cantor produces a transcendental number.

By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric field, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, determined largely by their mass when the charge to mass ratio ( Z ) of all species is uniform, toward the ( negatively charged ) cathode if positively charged or toward the ( positively charged ) anode if negatively charged.

By applying the variational principle to the action

By charging the right amount of water and applying heat, the system can be brought to any point in the gas region of the phase diagram.

By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently.

By applying Pontryagin duality, one can see that abelian profinite groups are in duality with locally finite discrete abelian groups.

By darkening areas of texture maps corresponding to corners, joints and recesses, and applying them via self-illumination or diffuse mapping, a radiosity-like effect of patch interaction could be created with a standard scanline renderer ( cf.

By an offshore drilling contractor effectively applying HSE Management in its organization, it can optimize risk to achieve levels of residual risk that are tolerable.

By applying such principles in an obvious way ( using repeated applications of modus ponens ), Holmes is able to infer from his observation that " the sides of Watson's shoes are scored by several parallel cuts " that:

" By this, James meant that truth is a quality, the value of which is confirmed by its effectiveness when applying concepts to practice ( thus, " pragmatic ").

By applying sprezzatura to his speech and everything else he does, the courtier appears to have grazia and impresses his audience, thereby achieving excellence and perfection.

By applying a bias voltage to a " gate " terminal, the channel is " pinched ", so that the electric current is impeded or switched off completely.

By applying his operational calculus to the analysis of this network he discovered ( 1887 ) what has become known as the Heaviside condition.

By repeatedly applying the definition of conditional probability:

By applying a single spatial model on an entire domain, one makes the assumption that is a stationary process.

By applying the inverse Fourier transform, we can write:

By applying Mauss's theory to data such as Mead's, Lévi-Strauss proposed what he called alliance theory.

By its standard practices of applying good scientific methods, mainstream is distinguished from pseudoscience as a demarcation problem and specific types of inquiry are debunked as junk science, cargo cult science and scientific misconduct etc.

By applying conventional cost-estimating techniques, he concluded that it would cost more than a billion US Dollars to develop this distribution by conventional proprietary means.

By use of a pulsed irrigation timer, existing overhead sprinklers may be used to deliver water at a low average precipitation rate ranging from 2. 5 to 5ml / Hour for frosts down to-5deg.

By using pulsed wave doppler or continuous wave doppler bloodflow velocities can be calculated.

By the end of the 19 < sup > th </ sup > century, pen registers were widely used to record pulsed electrical signals in many contexts.

`` By the way '', said Mr. Blatz, packing his tools into a battered carrier, `` them power tools needs extra voltage.

By application of a voltage during the presence of this gas, gas ions in the vicinity of the tip undergo ionisation, with greater numbers of ions generated immediately above atoms occupying edge or planar sites.

By sensing the current provided to a load and using the device's applied voltage as a sensor voltage it is possible to determine the power dissipated by a device.

By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an alternating current ( AC ) voltage to be " stepped up " by making N < sub > s </ sub > greater than N < sub > p </ sub >, or " stepped down " by making N < sub > s </ sub > less than N < sub > p </ sub >.

By adding a series or shunt resistor, more than one range of voltage or current could be measured with one movement.

By Ohm's law, is simply the source voltage divided by the total circuit resistance:

By contrast with the conventional device, a reverse-biased zener diode will exhibit a controlled breakdown and allow the current to keep the voltage across the zener diode close to the zener breakdown voltage.

By contrast, IGBT has a diode like voltage drop ( typically of the order of 2V ) increasing only with the log of the current.

By lengthening the surface between the high voltage terminal and the grounded metal case of the spark plug, the physical shape of the ribs functions to improve the electrical insulation and prevent electrical energy from leaking along the insulator surface from the terminal to the metal case.

By applying a voltage across the bilayer and measuring the resulting current, the resistance of the bilayer is determined.

By 1914 fifty-five transmission systems operating at more than 70, 000 V were in service, the highest voltage then being used was 150, 000 V.

By means of the conductive coating and an external high voltage supply the diaphragm is held at a DC potential of several kilovolts with respect to the grids.

By the time the electrons reach the anode, enough have been released to generate a measurable voltage pulse across external resistors.

By connecting this gun to a high voltage source ( typically ~ 100 – 300 kV ) the gun will, given sufficient current, begin to emit electrons either by thermionic or field electron emission into the vacuum.

By adding an additional circuit element to a fixed voltage IC regulator, it is possible to adjust the output voltage.

By switching in different zeners, diodes, or resistors, the output voltage can be adjusted in a step-wise fashion.

By causing a sudden difference in voltage, it generates a current.

By convention, the voltage is used to characterize X-and gamma-ray beams ( in volts ), whilst electron beams are characterized by their energies ( in electronvolts ).