By measuring the velocities of pulsars, it is possible to put a limit on the asymmetry of supernova explosions.

By measuring the mean squared displacement over a time interval along with the universal gas constant, the temperature, the viscosity, and the particle radius, Avogadro's number can be determined.

By measuring behavioral responses to different stimuli, one can understand something about how those stimuli are processed.

By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc.

By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for flow of the Seine.

By emitting a high-frequency chirp from the transducer, and measuring the amount of time it takes to hear an echo from the sound waves bouncing off an object, one can calculate the distance to that object.

By measuring the decay products of extinct radionuclides with a mass spectrometer and using isochronplots, it is possible to determine relative ages of different events in the early history of the solar system.

By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine how far away the object is.

By determining the environmental circumstances during the measuring and by revising the air-tightness afterwards, the standardization of the data is warranted.

By precisely timing the LIDAR ' echo ,' and by measuring how much laser light is received by the telescope, scientists can accurately determine the location, distribution and nature of the particles.

By 1983 it was accepted that the speed of light was constant and that this provided a more reproducible procedure for measuring length, the metre was redefined in terms of the speed of light.

By sheer coincidence, exactly 100 years later on 07 August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory rover used its Radiation Assessment Detector ( RAD ) instrument to begin measuring the radiation levels on another planet for the first time.

By measuring the shapes and orientations of large numbers of distant galaxies, their orientations can be averaged to measure the shear of the lensing field in any region.

By scanning the microscope's beam in an X-Y pattern and measuring the light emitted with the beam at each point, a map of the optical activity of the specimen can be obtained.

By explicitly dealing with the interaction of object and measuring instrument, von Neumann has attempted to create consistency of the two processes of wave function change.

By measuring the beam current it could be determined whether the spot was originally a zero or a one, and a new value could be stored by the beam.

By measuring the rate and timing of orbital shifts, together with the body's drag properties, the relevant atmosphere's parameters could be back-calculated.

By measuring and analyzing network data using triangulation, pattern matching or cell-sector statistics ( in an anonymous format ), the data was converted into traffic flow information.

By dividing Caswell County into two squares – each side measuring approximately twenty ( 20 ) miles in length, the settlers formed two counties of each.

By measuring the length of a seconds pendulum in different latitudes, one can calculate the " oblateness " of the Earth-i. e.

By measuring the total round-trip time on an radar's oscilloscope, the aircraft's range could be accurately determined even at very long ranges.

By measuring this signal from several satellites, the receiver can re-build an accurate clock signal of its own.

By measuring chlorophyll content Nitrogen deficiency can be detected.

By applying a voltage across the bilayer and measuring the resulting current, the resistance of the bilayer is determined.

By this standard, it is determined that where two stations operating on the same frequency are involved, objectionable interference from station A exists at any point within the service area of station B where station A's signal is of an intensity one-twentieth or more of the strength of station B's signal at that point.

By tuning the radio to the proper frequency, it would receive the signal transmitted by the cell phone to be cloned, containing the phone's ESN / MIN Pair.

By contrast, time division multiple access ( TDMA ) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access ( FDMA ) divides it by frequency.

By giving each channel a different frequency " slot " on the cable the separate television signals do not interfere.

By contrast, for higher frequency radiations at ultraviolet frequencies and above ( i. e., X-rays and gamma rays ) the damage to chemical materials and living cells by EMR is far larger than that done by simple heating, due to the ability of single photons in such high frequency EMR to damage individual molecules chemically.

By varying the air pressure, a flute player can also change the pitch of a note by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a harmonic other than the fundamental frequency without opening or closing any holes.

By using a ferromagnetic core, the inductance is greatly increased for the same amount of copper, multiplying up the Q. Cores however also introduce losses that increase with frequency.

By the age of 17 he was in his last year of high school and at home he had his own laboratory for experimenting with high frequency circuits, optics and magnetic fields.

By 1905 it was known that the energy of photoelectrons increases with increasing frequency of incident light and is independent of the intensity of the light.

By the middle 1960s, transmitter designs were updated, mixing a crystal-controlled high frequency oscillator with a variable low frequency oscillator, resulting in better frequency stability across all Amateur Radio HF bands.

By changing the shape of the mouth, the frequency response of the filter is changed, so removing ( subtracting ) some of the harmonics.

By tuning the frequency of the local oscillator f < small >< sub > LO </ sub ></ small >, the resulting difference frequency f < small >< sub > LO </ sub ></ small >-f < small >< sub > d </ sub ></ small >

By demanding that high-frequency light must be emitted by an oscillator of equal frequency, and further requiring that this oscillator occupy higher energy than one of a lesser frequency, Planck avoided any catastrophe ; giving an equal partition to high-frequency oscillators produced successively fewer oscillators and less emitted light.

By a suitable choice of utility frequency, both lighting and motor loads could be served.

By contrast, passband bandwidth is the difference between a highest frequency and a nonzero lowest frequency.

By definition, radiation produced by the transition between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium ( in the absence of external influences such as the Earth's magnetic field ) has a frequency of exactly 9, 192, 631, 770 Hz.

By 1926 quartz crystals were used to control the frequency of radio broadcasting stations and were popular with amateur radio operators.

By adjusting the local oscillator frequency correctly, the beat frequency is in the audio range, and can be heard as a tone in the receiver's earphones whenever the transmitter signal is present.