By measuring the velocities of pulsars, it is possible to put a limit on the asymmetry of supernova explosions.

By measuring the mean squared displacement over a time interval along with the universal gas constant, the temperature, the viscosity, and the particle radius, Avogadro's number can be determined.

By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc.

By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for flow of the Seine.

By emitting a high-frequency chirp from the transducer, and measuring the amount of time it takes to hear an echo from the sound waves bouncing off an object, one can calculate the distance to that object.

By measuring the frequency of the returned signal and comparing that with the original, the difference can be easily measured.

By measuring the decay products of extinct radionuclides with a mass spectrometer and using isochronplots, it is possible to determine relative ages of different events in the early history of the solar system.

By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine how far away the object is.

By determining the environmental circumstances during the measuring and by revising the air-tightness afterwards, the standardization of the data is warranted.

By precisely timing the LIDAR ' echo ,' and by measuring how much laser light is received by the telescope, scientists can accurately determine the location, distribution and nature of the particles.

By 1983 it was accepted that the speed of light was constant and that this provided a more reproducible procedure for measuring length, the metre was redefined in terms of the speed of light.

By sheer coincidence, exactly 100 years later on 07 August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory rover used its Radiation Assessment Detector ( RAD ) instrument to begin measuring the radiation levels on another planet for the first time.

By measuring the shapes and orientations of large numbers of distant galaxies, their orientations can be averaged to measure the shear of the lensing field in any region.

By scanning the microscope's beam in an X-Y pattern and measuring the light emitted with the beam at each point, a map of the optical activity of the specimen can be obtained.

By explicitly dealing with the interaction of object and measuring instrument, von Neumann has attempted to create consistency of the two processes of wave function change.

By measuring the beam current it could be determined whether the spot was originally a zero or a one, and a new value could be stored by the beam.

By measuring the rate and timing of orbital shifts, together with the body's drag properties, the relevant atmosphere's parameters could be back-calculated.

By measuring and analyzing network data using triangulation, pattern matching or cell-sector statistics ( in an anonymous format ), the data was converted into traffic flow information.

By dividing Caswell County into two squares – each side measuring approximately twenty ( 20 ) miles in length, the settlers formed two counties of each.

By measuring the length of a seconds pendulum in different latitudes, one can calculate the " oblateness " of the Earth-i. e.

By measuring the total round-trip time on an radar's oscilloscope, the aircraft's range could be accurately determined even at very long ranges.

By measuring this signal from several satellites, the receiver can re-build an accurate clock signal of its own.

By measuring chlorophyll content Nitrogen deficiency can be detected.

By applying a voltage across the bilayer and measuring the resulting current, the resistance of the bilayer is determined.

By adopting a CBT approach, OTs can help clients with SAD engage in pleasurable activities in the winter months ( i. e. behavioral activation ) and help people think more positively ( i. e. cognitive restructuring ).

By placing the axes at right angles, four quadrants form with each describing a behavioral pattern:

By considering the impact of emotions, cognitive errors, irrational preferences, and the dynamics of group behavior, behavioral finance offers succinct explanations of excess market volatility as well as the excess returns earned by stale information strategies .... cognitive errors may also explain the existence of market inefficiencies that spawn the systematic price movements that allow objective TA analysis methods to work.

By the end of the assessment, the examiner has a behavioral " portrait " of the infant, describing the baby's strengths, adaptive responses and possible vulnerabilities.

By using different cognitive, emotive and behavioral methods and activities, the client, together with help from the therapist and in homework exercises, can gain a more rational, self-helping and constructive rational way of thinking, emoting and behaving.

" By this, he extended the theory of reasoned action to cover non-volitional behaviors for predicting behavioral intention and actual behavior.

By contrast, hypnotists who believed that responses to suggestion are primarily mediated by the conscious mind, such as Theodore Barber and Nicholas Spanos tended to make more use of direct verbal suggestions and instructions.

By contrast, responses to changes in the price of the good are represented as movements along unchanged supply and demand curves.

By this analogy, it is suggested, the experience of free will emerges from the interaction of finite rules and deterministic parameters that generate nearly infinite and practically unpredictable behaviourial responses.

By this, it is feasible to investigate the muscle responses to the external forces as well as perturbations.

By shedding decoy NKG2D soluble ligands tumor cells have evolved a process by which they are able to avoid immune responses.

By the reign of emperor Commodus Marcionism was divided into various opinions with various leaders ; among whom was Apelles, whom Rhodo describes as: "... priding himself on his manner of life and his age, acknowledges one principle, but says that the prophecies are from an opposing principle, being led to this view by the responses of a maiden by name Philumene, who was possessed by a demon ".

By increasing the efficiency and number of AMPA receptors at the synapse, future excitatory stimuli generate larger postsynaptic responses.

By forcing us into a dramatic awareness of language, literature refreshes these habitual responses and renders objects more perceptible ( Eagleton ' What Is Literature ').

By virtue of exquisite sensitivity of the ELISPOT assay, frequency analysis of rare cell populations ( e. g., antigen-specific responses ) which were not possible before are now relatively easy.

By presenting subjects with neutral, sexually arousing and religious words while measuring GSR, Ramachandran was able to show that patients with TLE showed enhanced emotional responses to the religious words, diminished responses to the sexually charged words, and normal responses to the neutral words.

By arranging many signals in a grid, randomly flashing the rows of the grid as in the previous paradigm, and observing the P300 responses of a subject staring at the grid, the subject may communicate which stimulus he is looking at, and thus slowly " type " words.

By carefully varying the intensity and speed of stimulation, and by practicing with the same partner to learn their responses, a person can be held in the highly aroused state near orgasm.

By comparing the responses to the different types of stimuli, the brain fingerprinting system mathematically computes a determination of " information present " ( the subject knows the crime-relevant information contained in the probe stimuli ) or " information absent " ( the subject does not know the information ) and a statistical confidence for the determination.

By the end of September 23 responses had been returned with suggestions for modifications to the design of the boat.

By 2006, affirmative responses to the question " Are you personally in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada?

By specifically targeting pain and temperature pathways and measuring cortical responses, clinicians can identify even minute lesions in the spinothalamic pathways.