By storing and releasing the energy needed for heating or cooling, concrete's thermal mass delivers year-round benefits by reducing temperature swings inside and minimizing heating and cooling costs.

By minimizing the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery times, as well as hospital stays.

By including a large number of parameters in the trial Hamiltonian and minimizing the free energy we can expect to get a close approximation to the exact free energy.

By minimizing these abnormal temperature trends and others, ecological activity would likely be improved in the urban setting.

By minimizing the total energy of the system, an appropriate set of coefficients of the linear combinations is determined.

By leveraging the capabilities of WMI today, customers and partners can leverage the work investment made in the past while minimizing their costs in developments, learning curves and new discoveries.

By minimizing the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery time, as well as shorten hospital stays.

By August of that year, both the National Peasants ' Party and the National Liberal Party had been dissolved and in 1948, the government coalition incorporated the Romanian Workers ' Party ( the forced union of communists and Romanian Social Democrats ) and the Hungarian People's Union, effectively minimizing all political opposition within the state.

By minimizing associative connections with other thoughts, the threatening cognition is remembered less often and is less likely to effect self-esteem or the self concept.

By minimizing the efforts of the guerrilla movement in freeing the Philippines, Whitney also robbed it of political clout after the war to make any substantial liberal changes in Philippine government and society after the war.

By installing phospho-serine, phospho-threonine or analogous phosphonate mimics into native proteins, researchers are able to perform in vivo studies to investigate the effects of phosphorylation by extending the amount of time a phosphorylation event occurs while minimizing the often-unfavorable effects of mutations.

By pre-soaking the maize, minimizing the alkali used to adjust the pH of the alkaline solution, reducing the cooking temperature, accelerating processing, and reusing excess processing liquids, enzymatic nixtamalization can reduce the use of energy and water, lower nejayote waste production, decrease maize lost in processing, and shorten the production time ( to approximately four hours ) compared to traditional nixtamalization.

By that time it was commonly agreed that patent warfare was sapping constructive achievement and blocking the free exchange of technical information.

By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections, but they did not gain control of Congress.

By the terms of the agreement, the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties, free of bribes, thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire.

By 1900, administrative control was transferred to New Zealand ; in 1965 residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand.

By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs.

By 1810 three-quarters of all blacks in Delaware were free.

By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91. 7 percent of the black population, or nearly 20, 000 people, were free.

By contrast, the EM far-field is composed of radiation that is free of the transmitter in the sense that ( unlike the case in an electrical transformer ) the transmitter requires the same power to send these changes in the fields out, whether the signal is immediately picked up, or not.

By the early 1970s, the picture changed: software costs were dramatically increasing, a growing software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products ( free in that the cost was included in the hardware cost ), leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of " free " software bundled with hardware product costs.

By elevating the director, and not the screenwriter, to the same importance as novelists, composers, or painters, it sought to free the cinema from its popular conception as a bastard art, somewhere between theater and literature.

By March 2006, at least 65 % of the Greek population was able to view Digital TV for free with the use of set-top boxes.

By this system, the children were free people and could inherit property, thus originating a class of " mulattos " with property and some with wealthy fathers.

By 1990 an additional five free zones were in operation in Omoa, Coloma, Tela, La Ceiba, and Amapala.

By a minimization of free energy argument, the relation that predicted the smaller new contact angle is the state most likely to exist.

By " open access " to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.

By 1800, there were 108, 378 free blacks in a population of 7. 2 million.

By continuous rapid exchange of bound water with other free water molecules, these polymer films keep the surfaces separated while maintaining a high fluidity at the brush – brush interface at high compressions, thus leading to a very low coefficient of friction.

By uprooting the kleshas one becomes asankhata (" unconditioned ") free from the obscurations of the volitional formations.

By 2002, after the crash of Internet advertising, only one news segment could be viewed freely, and by 2004, no free content remained on the website.

By giving away their ICQ product for free and preventing interoperability between their client software and other products, they were able to temporarily dominate the market for instant messaging.

By the time the civil conflict ended and the government of New Granada and the government of the Isthmus had negotiated the Isthmus's reincorporation to the union, Panama's First Republic had been free for 13 months.

By the turn of the 21st century, the turntable had become a niche product, as the price of CD players, which reproduce music free from pops and scratches, fell far lower than high fidelity tape players or turntables.

By 1829, 60 % of the state's free white males were ineligible to vote.

By the 1730s, in most colonies religious minorities had obtained what contemporaries called religious toleration: " The policy of toleration relieved religious minorities of some physical punishments and some financial burdens, but it did not make them free from the indignities of prejudice and exclusion.

By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stueckelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q.

By controlling information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.

By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

By default, the system state will be in either of the minima states, because that corresponds to the state of lowest energy.

By 1459 the Sultan promoted a lot of energy to bringing prosperity to Constantinople.

By definition, it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt.

By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system.

By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i. e.,

By manipulating the basic dimensional constants one can also construct the Planck time, Planck length and Planck energy which make a good system of units for expressing dimensional measurements, known as Planck units.

By the end of the twentieth century interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due to the needs of sustainable technology in developing countries, and energy conservation in developed ones.

Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of the engine, source of energy, the use of the engine, or by the cooling system employed.

By re-assessing and changing the light sources used, it is often possible to reduce energy use and pollutive effects while simultaneously greatly improving efficiency and visibility.

By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black body, the luminosity L and radius R can be related to the effective temperature by the Stefan – Boltzmann law:

By assuming that light actually consisted of discrete energy packets, Einstein wrote an equation for the photoelectric effect that agreed with experimental results.

By 1905 it was known that the energy of photoelectrons increases with increasing frequency of incident light and is independent of the intensity of the light.

By using a turboexpander, the electricity needs for compressed storage at 200 bars amounts to 2. 1 % of the energy content.

By contrast, most non-ionizing radiation is harmful to organisms only in proportion to the thermal energy deposited, and is conventionally considered harmless at low powers which do not produce significant temperature rise.

By contrast, ionizing radiation is conventionally considered to have no completely safe lower limit, although at some energy levels, new exposures do not add appreciably to background radiation.

By absorbing a certain type of energy, it undergoes a three stage transformation.

By simply holding the fire button down, the player can build up energy in their ship, drawing in tiny, glowing particles through the ship's nose.

By the end of the decade oil was Switzerland's primary energy source.

By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.