By upholding his own personal code of behavior, the private detective has placed himself in opposition to a society whose fabric is permeated with crime and corruption.

By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organized opposition in Parliament.

By 2002, many parts of the movement showed wide opposition to the impending invasion of Iraq.

By 1987, however, the USSR withdrew its opposition, concluding the SDI posed no threat.

By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive.

By packing opposition voters into districts they will already win ( increasing excess votes for winners ) and by cracking the remainder among districts where they are moved into the minority ( increasing votes for eventual losers ), the number of wasted votes among the opposition can be maximized.

By this time Emperor Julian had publicly declared himself in opposition to Christianity.

By 1547, opposition to Calvin and other French refugee ministers had grown to constitute the majority of the syndics, the civil magistrates of Geneva.

By whatever name, advocates had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.

By the time Labour returned to government in 1997 after 18 years in opposition, Tony Blair ( leader since 1994 ) had abandoned the Labour policy of going back on Tory-led union reforms, as well as ending the commitment of nationalisation of industries and utilities.

By the beginning of 2002, Sierra Leone and Guinea were supporting the LURD, while Taylor was supporting opposition factions in both countries.

By the time of Trotsky's arrival, the St. Petersburg Soviet was already functioning headed by Khrustalyov-Nosar ( Georgy Nosar, alias Pyotr Khrustalyov ), a compromise figure, and proved to be very popular with the workers in spite of the Bolsheviks ' original opposition.

By the time of the French Revolution some, such as the Enragés, began to use the term positively, in opposition to Jacobin centralisation of power, seeing " revolutionary government " as oxymoronic.

By 1559, Nobunaga had eliminated all opposition within the clan and throughout Owari Province.

By doing this, Orange Alternative participants could not be arrested by the police for opposition to the regime without the authorities becoming a laughing stock.

By this time, Gen. Manuel Noriega was firmly in control of both the PDF and the civilian government, and had created the Dignity Battalions to help suppress opposition.

By 1875 the conservative white Southern opposition regained control of every state in the South and as he left the White House in March 1877 his policies were being undone.

By the mid-1990s, such issues had become a key concern of all opposition groups and a cause of growing concern among the population as a whole.

By that time, he had become one of the leading politicians within the so-called Peace opposition.

By the end of the decade, similar material met with little, if any opposition when it was released in Berlin theatres.

By 1490 the opposition of the population of Tirol compelled Sigismund to hand over the rulership to Archduke Maximilian I, who later became Holy Roman Emperor.

By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organized opposition in Parliament.

By the summer of the next year, large portions of the opposition had defected and joined Pitt's government.

By clarifying fundamental premises in the social sciences, and defining the logical problems emergent at the borderlands of each new scientific discipline, philosophy can offer the sort of distinction that can accelerate growth in human understanding.

By the 1920s, the decade was nostalgically seen as a period of pre-income tax wealth for a newly emergent " society set ".

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By the 20th century the novel had come to occupy a canonical space as one of the foundations of modern literature.

By the start of World War I the cinema in Poland was already in full swing, with numerous adaptations of major works of Polish literature screened ( notably the Dzieje grzechu, Meir Ezofowicz and Nad Niemnem.

By arguing that films had auteurs, or authors, Truffaut sought to make films ( and their directors ) at least as important as the more widely-accepted art forms, such as literature, music, and painting.

By elevating the director, and not the screenwriter, to the same importance as novelists, composers, or painters, it sought to free the cinema from its popular conception as a bastard art, somewhere between theater and literature.

By the mid-18th century the " Aufklärung " ( The Enlightenment ) had transformed German high culture in music, philosophy, science and literature.

By the mid-18th century, however, the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings, returning madness and the Ghost to the forefront.

By the 11th century, particularly during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus ' displayed an economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in the western part of the continent.

By contrast, homoerotic themes were present in poetry and other literature written by some Muslims from the medieval period onwards and which celebrated love between men.

By " open access " to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.

By the 14th century, the form further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch, whose sonnets were later translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature.

By the end of the 18th century, in addition to the trivium and quadrivium of the Middle Ages, the definition of a classical education embraced study of literature, poetry, drama, philosophy, history, art, and languages.

The lyrics up to this point ( most of them written by Peart ) were heavily influenced by classical poetry, fantasy literature, science fiction, and the writings of novelist Ayn Rand, as exhibited most prominently by their 1975 song " Anthem " from Fly By Night and a specifically acknowledged derivation in 2112 ( 1976 ).

By the year 400 Greek philosophy, art, literature and architecture had spread far and wide, with the numerous independent Greek colonies that had sprung up throughout the lands of the eastern Mediterranean.

By the 12th century, " Saracen " had become synonymous with " Muslim " in Medieval Latin literature.

By the 1830s, the foundations of Czech literature were laid and authors now began to focus more on the artistic merits of their work and less on developing the idea of Czech literature and culture as a whole.

By the end of the 19th century, no book in the history of Western literature had more editions, spin-offs and translations ( even into languages such as Inuktitut, Coptic and Maltese ) than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children's versions with mainly pictures and no text.

By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world's best.

By this, Hu meant that literature should contain real feeling and human thought.

By attaching criticism to an external framework rather than locating the framework for criticism within literature, this kind of critic essentially " substitute a critical attitude for criticism.

By 1848 William F. Poole begins the Index to Periodical Literature, the first general periodical literature index in the US.

By extension, the word has also been used to mean any sort of recurring theme, ( whether or not subject to developmental transformation ) in music, literature, or ( metaphorically ) the life of a fictional character or a real person.