By the 1960s the school was building a vast publishing and research network reaching across France, Europe, and the rest of the world.

By the early 1960s, most of East and Central Africa, where the majority of the Ismāʿīlī population on the continent resided including Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Malagasy, Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire, had attained their political independence.

By the late 1960s he had started to become interested in scientific areas outside of mathematics.

By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the 1960s, as VFL clubs increasingly recruited the best players from other states, they began to dominate the competition and the last match was played in 1976, with North Adelaide being the last non-Victorian winner in 1972.

By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing.

By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965 – 1966 it was cleaned through bleaching.

By the late 1960s, the area of LAFTA had a population of 220 million and produced about $ 90 billion of goods and services annually.

By the early 1960s, US research on the Nike Zeus missile system had developed to the point where small improvements would allow it to be used as the basis of a " real " ABM system.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

By the 1960s NATO had adopted the 5. 56 NATO cartridge.

By the 1960s, college cheerleaders began hosting workshops across the nation, teaching fundamental cheer skills to high-school-age girls.

" By 1967, critics were suggesting that the programme no longer reflected life in 1960s Britain, but reflected how life was in the 1950s.

By the end of the 1960s, admission to CUNY's flagship City College had become highly competitive.

By the late 1960s, the sexual revolution of the baby boomer generation had refocused public attitudes about sex.

By the 1960s – 1970s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils.

By the late 1960s, Humble officials realized that the time had come to develop a new brand name that could be used nationwide.

By the 1960s science fiction was combining sensationalism with political and technological critiques of society.

By the 1960s, motor vehicles were being restricted or banned from crossing the border, while only Spanish nationals employed on the Rock being allowed to enter Gibraltar.

By the 1960s, TV series, such as The Addams Family and The Munsters, used these stereotypes for camp comedy.

By the 1960s, the Hammond became popular with pop groups and was used on the British pirate station Radio 390.

By the 1960s, however, the quantitative revolution lead to strong criticism of regional geography.

By then the textile industry had started its decline ; only one factory, Veneta, managed to continue into the 1960s, when it also had to close its doors.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the end of the nineteenth century, in 1893, when the Big Three, Columbia, and Penn were populous centers of learning, Dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine.

By the late 1920s, New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use " Big Apple " and were using it outside of a horse-racing context.

By the 1970s some Native American film roles began to show more complexity, such as those in Little Big Man ( 1970 ), Billy Jack ( 1971 ), and The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ), which depicted Native Americans in minor supporting roles.

By 1996, genre acts such as Reel Big Fish and Less Than Jake were being signed to major labels.

By 1959, the death of Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry, and the breaking of the payola scandal ( which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs ), gave a sense that the initial rock and roll era had come to an end.

By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably the most successful independent studio in Hollywood, but it still competed with " The Big Three " Studios ( First National, Paramount Pictures, and MGM ).

By April 1927, the Big Five studios ( First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Producers Distributing ) had put the Warner brothers in financial ruin, and Western Electric renewed Warner's Vitaphone contract with terms that allowed other film companies to test sound.

By 1925, the Klan was a powerful political force in the state, as urban politicians such as J. Thomas Heflin, David Bibb Graves, and Hugo Black manipulated the KKK membership against the power of the " Big Mule " industrialists and especially the Black Belt planters who had long dominated the state.

By 1935, Wright had completed his first novel, Cesspool, published as Lawd Today ( 1963 ), and in January 1936 his story " Big Boy Leaves Home " was accepted for publication in New Caravan.

By end of the 2003 – 2004 television season, ABC slumped to fourth place, becoming the first of the original " Big Three " networks to fall to such a ranking.

By the late 1970s, the human potential movement developed into an industry ; at the centre of this growth was the Esalen Institute at Big Sur, California.

By late 1966, Davies was addressing the bleakness of life at the lower end of the social spectrum: released together as the complementary A-B sides of a single, " Dead End Street " and " Big Black Smoke " were powerful neo-Dickensian sketches of urban poverty.

By 1775, the Omaha people had migrated west of the Missouri, where they established a major settlement, which they called Ton-wa-tonga, meaning the Big Village.

By 1886, the settlement had grown to where the citizens of the community elected " Big " José Gonzáles as their sheriff.

By the late 1940s, with the successful construction of a ski resort on Big Mountain ( a collaboration between outside developers and local businessmen ) the tourism sector was becoming increasingly important.

By the terms of the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 a reservation that included the Big Pasture was set-aside for the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache.

By late 1981 Pastorius was putting together the Word of Mouth Big Band ( which included Erskine ) for concert dates in Japan, on the assumption that 1982 would be a Weather Report rest year.

* Lightweight Winner – Ziggo ( defeating Snowflake, Serial Box Killer, Wedge of Doom, Death By Monkeys, and The Big B )

By 1946, Capitol had sold 42 million records and was established as one of the Big Six record labels.

By the early 1950s, the independent American manufacturers were left moribund as the " Big Three " – General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler – battled intensely for sales in the economy, medium-price, and luxury market.

By 1745, the first map, in the 1 / 8628th, of Châlus is established to appear in the atlas of Trudaine for the majority of Limoges, with the portion of road at the level of La-Ribière going to Châlus of the Big road from Limoges to Périgueux and with the portion of road reaching the majority of Périgord.

By the late 1970s, the story lines had the adult characters becoming increasingly frustrated with Big Bird using Snuffleupagus as a scapegoat whenever something went wrong while they were out of the room.

By the start of World War II, the Big Four zaibatsu alone had direct control over more than 30 % of Japan's mining, chemical, metals industries and almost 50 % control of the machinery and equipment market, a significant part of the foreign commercial merchant fleet and 60 % of the commercial stock exchange.

By contrast, the abundance of < sup > 4 </ sup > He in Big Bang models is very insensitive to assumptions about baryon density, changing only a few percent as the baryon density changes by several orders of magnitude.