By the 1970s the authors of volumes such as Reinventing Anthropology worried about anthropology's relevance.

By the 1970s the shift was underway from the earlier economic history to cultural history and the history of mentalities.

By the 1970s the government adopted a policy of keeping employment artificially high in the declining industry.

By the 1970s the Museum was again expanding.

By the 1970s the area was notorious for street robberies and drug dealing.

By the mid-1950s the system was being used in at least sixty British libraries and in a hundred by the 1970s.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By 1968, the design had reached the one known today, and has been used continuously from this year, apart from a period in the 1970s when the just the letters CAFC appeared on the team's shirts.

By 1982 the stagnation of the Soviet economy was obvious, as evidenced by the fact that the Soviet Union had been importing grain from the U. S. throughout the 1970s, but the system was so firmly entrenched that any real change seemed impossible.

By the late 1970s, two and a half million British homes received their television service via cable.

By the early 1970s electronic pocket calculators ended manufacture of mechanical calculators, although the Curta remains a popular collectable item.

By the late 1970s, RCA decided to remove Atkins from his producing duties and replace him with younger men.

By the late 1970s, a strong anti-disco sentiment developed among rock fans and musicians, particularly in the United States.

By the late 1970s, melodrama was nearly finished as an overt genre, as the hunger for realism dominated film in groundbreaking movies like Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets.

By the late 1970s the good times were over for both downtown and local businesses and industries.

By the late 1970s, the EPLF had become the dominant armed Eritrean group fighting against the Ethiopian Government, and Isaias Afewerki had emerged as its leader.

During the late 1970s he acquired a large public audience as a critic of the then Labour government's disregard of civil liberties ; his writings from this time are collected in Writing By Candlelight ( 1980 ).

By the 1960s – 1970s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils.

By the late 1970s, these had achieved only mixed results due to flaws in the planning process as well as inadequate funding and a shortage of the skilled managers and technicians needed for implementation.

By the early 1970s, the picture changed: software costs were dramatically increasing, a growing software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products ( free in that the cost was included in the hardware cost ), leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of " free " software bundled with hardware product costs.

By the late 1970s, many companies around the world ( but especially Japan ), entered the fax market.

By the early 1970s there were 22 associations with women's sections in the FIH and 36 associations in the IFWHA.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the 1970s the science fiction community was confronting questions of feminism and sexism within science fiction culture itself.

By the 1970s and 1980s, true female heroes started to emerge on the pages of comics.

By the late nineteenth century, baseball was widely recognized as the national sport of the United States.

By the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football.

By the 1970s and 1980s the sport had expanded beyond Japan and had reached North America and Europe.

* By application or intent: self-defense, combat sport, choreography or demonstration of forms, physical fitness, meditation, etc.

By the Imperial Period, the Romans had adopted the Greek combat sport ( spelled in Latin as pancratium ) into their Games.

By contrast, the Indianapolis Colts — among the most successful franchises in any sport during the 2000s with quarterback Peyton Manning — had a 2-14 record in 2011 because of injuries that prevented Manning from playing.

By the 19th century, swords were reduced to the status of either ceremonial weapon or sport equipment in modern fencing.

By 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders remained as a highly technical version of street skating, combined with the decline of vert skating, produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters.

By 1850, North America had discovered a love of the sport, and, indeed, North America went on to develop the all-steel blade, which was both lighter and sharper.

By 1986, although still very much a minority sport, commercial snowboards started appearing in leading French ski resorts.

By far the most popular of these is beach volleyball, which is played on sand with two people per team, and rivals the main sport in popularity.

By the start of the 17th century ' jachts ' came in two broad categories-speel-jachts for sport and oorlog-jachts for naval duties.

By the middle of the century large ' jacht ' fleets were found around the Dutch coast and the Dutch states organised large ' reviews ' of private and war yachts for special occasions, thus putting in place the groundwork for the modern sport of yachting.

By the middle of that decade the sport achieved critical mass, and manufacturers began creating bicycles designed especially for the sport.

By 1977, the American Bicycle Association ( ABA ) was organized as a national sanctioning body for the growing sport.

By 1990, the sport was essentially the same as it was in 1975.

By 1995, practically every ski produced had more or less " shaping ", and for a time, carving became a sport onto its own.

By the time of Elizabeth ’ s reign, gambling was a common sport.

By the time King's College took ownership of the manor, the woods were let for sport, with pheasants kept for shooting.

By the early 20th century, bass fishing had been well established as a sport with its own following.

By 1927, all Slovene and Croat associations-not only political, but also cultural, educational and sport associations-were dissolved, as were all financial and economic institutions in the hands of the Slovene and Croat minority.

By 1939, it had over 7, 000 paid employees and 135, 000 voluntary workers, organized into divisions covering such areas as sport, education, and tourism, with wardens in every factory and workshop employing more than 20 people.

By 1998 kitesurfing had become a mainstream sport, and several schools were teaching kitesurfing.

By the late-1970s, success in the music industry led him to quit playing the sport and focus on music instead.