By the 1990s, however, mentalité history had become interdisciplinary to the point of fragmentation, but still lacked a solid theoretical basis.

By the early 1990s, commercial flights connected Comoros with France, Mauritius, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar.

By the 1990s, the US had adopted the M4 carbine, a derivative of the M16 family which fired the same 5. 56mm cartridge but was lighter and shorter ( in overall length and barrel length ), resulting in marginally reduced range and power.

By the 1990s Conservative Judaism continued to flourish, yet dichotomies of practice and belief, which had been present for years, began to formulate.

By the early 1990s, the performance of microprocessor-based computers reached the point that real-time generation of computer music using more general programs and algorithms became possible.

By the 1990s, many of these bands and artists had disbanded, were no longer performing, or were being carried by independent labels because their music tended to be more lyrically complex ( and often more controversial ) than mainstream Christian pop.

By contrast, the Soviet Union's transition was much more problematic and its successor republics faced a sharp decline in GDP during the early 1990s.

By the end of the 1980s, the economy had made a healthy recovery, which weakened in the 1990s due to a decrease in banana prices.

By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort.

By the 1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrial factors, including extractive industries, large-scale cattle ranching, and extensive agriculture.

By the early 1990s, however, relational systems were dominant for all large-scale data processing applications, and they remain dominant today ( 2012 ) except in niche areas.

By the late 1990s, however, the focus had shifted to health care fraud, which now accounts for the majority of cases filed by whistleblowers and by the government.

By the end of the 1990s, 11 fishing farms were registered in Guadeloupe and experiments are under way to catch and market fish in order to respond to growing demand.

By the late 1990s, Gopher had largely ceased expanding.

By the early 1990s, conflicts developed in the Microsoft / IBM relationship.

By the 1990s, farm laborers had nearly all moved on, leaving owners of small farms.

By the early 1990s many small independent luthiers began making archtop guitars.

By the 1990s, however, these gathering systems were breaking down in many areas.

By the end of the 1990s, he was appearing only in the occasional commercial, largely because of health problems ( in 1995, he was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma ).

By the late 1990s, private meteorite-collecting expeditions had been launched throughout the Sahara.

By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all ; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.

By the late 1990s MIPS was a powerhouse in the embedded processor field, and in 1997 the 48-millionth MIPS-based CPU shipped, making it the first RISC CPU to outship the famous 68k family.

By the mid-1990s, work on microkernel systems was largely dead, despite the market generally believing that all modern operating systems would be microkernel based by the 1990s.

By the early 1990s, Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) was a leader in 3D graphics for workstations.

By the turn of the century, pop punk had been adopted by the mainstream, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring brought the genre widespread popularity.

By 1974, the scene's top act, Dr. Feelgood, was paving the way for others such as The Stranglers and Cock Sparrer that would play a role in the punk explosion.

By 1975, punk was being used to describe acts as diverse as the Patti Smith Group, the Bay City Rollers, and Bruce Springsteen.

By 1977, a second wave of the punk rock movement was breaking in the three countries where it had emerged, as well as in many other places.

By mid-1977 in downtown New York, punk rock was already ceding its cutting-edge status to the anarchic sound of Teenage Jesus and the Jerks and Mars, spearheads of what became known as No Wave, although several original punk bands continued to perform and new ones emerged on the scene.

By early 1978, the D. C. jazz-fusion group Mind Power had transformed into Bad Brains, one of the first bands to be identified with hardcore punk.

By 1979, the hardcore punk movement was emerging in Southern California.

By the turn of the decade, the punk rock movement had split deeply along cultural and musical lines, leaving a variety of derivative scenes and forms.

By 1981, hardcore was the dominant punk rock style not only in California, but much of the rest of North America as well.

" By the end of the 1980s, these bands, who had largely eclipsed their punk rock forebears in popularity, were classified broadly as alternative rock.

By early 1998, the punk revival had commercially stalled, but not for long.

By the end of the year, Buzzcocks had recorded and released a four-track EP, Spiral Scratch, on their own New Hormones label, making them one of the first punk groups to establish an independent record label, trailing only The Saints ' "( I'm ) Stranded ".

By 1977 the band were performing their own three-chord pop punk material, which was performed alongside cover versions at concerts, primarily at The Casbah, where the band began to perform in February.

By 1979, Black Flag were joined by other Los Angeles-area bands playing hardcore punk, including X, Fear, The Germs and the Circle Jerks ( featuring Black Flag's original singer, Keith Morris ).

By the mid to late 1980s, many of the most prominent hardcore punk bands had broken up.

By the time the group released their first album in 1986 the Parisian alternative music scene had taken flight, and Manu, his brother Antoine Chao, and friends such as Alain from Les Wampas formed Los Carayos to incorporate this sound with the rockabilly and punk styles of Hot Pants.

By 1995 punk rock had gained nationwide mainstream popularity in the wake of successful albums by the Offspring and Green Day, and the Vandals signed to Offspring singer Dexter Holland's new label Nitro Records.

By 1980, L. A. clubs had begun to ban hardcore punk shows, adding to SST's troubles.

By the time the Year Zero of punk ( 1976 ) was up, punks wanted nothing to do with pub rockers.

By the end of the 1980s, the initial wave of American hardcore punk had waned and split into other sub-genres.

By 2000, Danzig's line up had stabilized with the addition of guitarist Todd Youth and bassist Howie Pyro, both veterans of the New York City punk scene.

By 1993, more punk acts had signed to Epitaph, including Pennywise, Down by Law, Coffin Break, The Offspring, Rancid, R. K. L., SNFU, Total Chaos and Claw Hammer.