By the 1990s, however, mentalité history had become interdisciplinary to the point of fragmentation, but still lacked a solid theoretical basis.

By the early 1990s, commercial flights connected Comoros with France, Mauritius, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar.

By the 1990s, the US had adopted the M4 carbine, a derivative of the M16 family which fired the same 5. 56mm cartridge but was lighter and shorter ( in overall length and barrel length ), resulting in marginally reduced range and power.

By the 1990s Conservative Judaism continued to flourish, yet dichotomies of practice and belief, which had been present for years, began to formulate.

By the early 1990s, the performance of microprocessor-based computers reached the point that real-time generation of computer music using more general programs and algorithms became possible.

By the 1990s, many of these bands and artists had disbanded, were no longer performing, or were being carried by independent labels because their music tended to be more lyrically complex ( and often more controversial ) than mainstream Christian pop.

By contrast, the Soviet Union's transition was much more problematic and its successor republics faced a sharp decline in GDP during the early 1990s.

By the end of the 1980s, the economy had made a healthy recovery, which weakened in the 1990s due to a decrease in banana prices.

By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort.

By the 1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrial factors, including extractive industries, large-scale cattle ranching, and extensive agriculture.

By the early 1990s, however, relational systems were dominant for all large-scale data processing applications, and they remain dominant today ( 2012 ) except in niche areas.

By the late 1990s, however, the focus had shifted to health care fraud, which now accounts for the majority of cases filed by whistleblowers and by the government.

By the end of the 1990s, 11 fishing farms were registered in Guadeloupe and experiments are under way to catch and market fish in order to respond to growing demand.

By the late 1990s, Gopher had largely ceased expanding.

By the early 1990s, conflicts developed in the Microsoft / IBM relationship.

By the 1990s, farm laborers had nearly all moved on, leaving owners of small farms.

By the early 1990s many small independent luthiers began making archtop guitars.

By the 1990s, however, these gathering systems were breaking down in many areas.

By the end of the 1990s, he was appearing only in the occasional commercial, largely because of health problems ( in 1995, he was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma ).

By the late 1990s, private meteorite-collecting expeditions had been launched throughout the Sahara.

By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all ; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.

By the late 1990s MIPS was a powerhouse in the embedded processor field, and in 1997 the 48-millionth MIPS-based CPU shipped, making it the first RISC CPU to outship the famous 68k family.

By the mid-1990s, work on microkernel systems was largely dead, despite the market generally believing that all modern operating systems would be microkernel based by the 1990s.

By the early 1990s, Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) was a leader in 3D graphics for workstations.

By the 1990s, punk rock was sufficiently ingrained in Western culture that punk trappings were often used to market highly commercial bands as " rebels ".

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

By the 18th century an increasing number of new plants had arrived in Europe from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide and a larger number of plants became available for study.

Confucius never stated whether man was born good or evil, noting that ' By nature men are similar ; by practice men are wide apart ' — implying that whether good or bad, Confucius must have perceived all men to be born with intrinsic similarities, but that man is conditioned and influenced by study and practise.

By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what are now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors ( i. e., points that attract or repel other points ), which have become very important in the study of fractals ( see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ).

By contrast, a study of the jaguar in the Brazilian Pantanal region found average weights of 100 kg ( 220 lb ), and weights of or more are not uncommon in old males.

By working in the realm of Judaism and Jewish Religion, he developed methods and theories applicable to the study of Religion generally.

By 1986, a market study concluded that mothers with young children rarely purchased Jello.

By contrast, a previous study in 2008 had found only 38 percent of lemur species were at risk of extinction.

By then he was spending most of his spare time learning as much as he could about Linear B, some of his study time being spent under the covers at night with a flashlight.

By December 1990, a study to estimate the project's cost determined that long-term expenditure would total approximately 450 billion dollars spread over 20 to 30 years.

By the time of Sabine Baring-Gould's A Book of Nursery Songs ( 1895 ), folklore was an academic study, full of comments and foot-notes.

By contrast, there is no consensus against its validity outside of biology ; recapitulation theory is still considered plausible and applied by some researchers in fields like Behavioral Development, the study of the origin of language, and others.

By the end of the 18th century, in addition to the trivium and quadrivium of the Middle Ages, the definition of a classical education embraced study of literature, poetry, drama, philosophy, history, art, and languages.

By the mid-1980s, however, the study of rhetorical criticism began to move away from precise methodology towards conceptual issues.

" By the 1930s, " technology " referred not to the study of the industrial arts, but to the industrial arts themselves.

By the 18th century, pilpul study waned.

By his own native capacity, alike unformed and unsupplemented by study, he was at once the best judge in those sudden crises which admit of little or of no deliberation, and the best prophet of the future, even to its most distant possibilities.

By the late 19th century an elaborate and rigid set of rules detailing the laws of the game, its etiquette and the techniques of play, had been developed that took a large amount of study to master.

Other estimates of Austro-Hungarian casualties are as follows: By Austrian Ministry of Defense in 1938: Military dead 1, 016, 200 By UK War Office in 1922: Dead 1, 200, 00 By US War Dept in 1924: 1, 200, 00 killed and died A study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 estimated civilian 467, 000 deaths " attributable to war ", the primary cause being famine.

By the 19th century, the study of science had come into the purview of professionals and institutions.

By injecting DNA or mRNA into the oocyte or developing embryo, scientists can study the protein products in a controlled system.

By analogy, principles in other fields of study are sometimes loosely referred to as " laws ".

By his study of the oscillation period of compound pendulums Huygens made pivotal contributions to the development of the concept of moment of inertia.