By then all Hellenistic kingdoms and the Greek city-states were in decline, exhausted from endless civil wars and relying on mercenary troops.

By the Hellenistic period, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia.

By Hellenistic times, the city had moved to a new site south of what is now Bat Galim because the port's harbour had become blocked with sand.

By Hellenistic times, under the Achaean League, the Achaean Doric Koine appeared exhibiting many peculiarities common to all Doric dialects and which delayed the spread of the Attic-based Koine to the Peloponnese until the 2nd century BC.

By the Hellenistic period, the limited evidence indicates that debt bondage had replaced outright enslavement for debt.

By the Hellenistic Period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women.

By Hellenistic and Roman times, the domical tholos had become the customary cemetery symbol.

By creating a stronger Hellenistic state, Mithridates was to contend with the well-established Roman foothold in Europe.

By the 3rd century BC, Alexandria had become the center of Hellenistic Judaism, and a Koine Greek translation was compiled in several stages during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC ( known to have been complete by 132 BC ).

By Hellenistic times, combined punches and dies were in use.

By the late Hellenistic or early Roman period, the star and crescent motif had been associated to some degree with Byzantium.

By what one reader called a `` series of dissolving views '', he merges one period into another and gives a sense of continuous growth.

By contrast, the cursive developed out of the Nabataean alphabet in the same period soon became the standard for writing Arabic, evolving into the Arabic alphabet as it stood by the time of the early spread of Islam.

By the conditions accepted in the treaty, the Avars were to take possession of Pannonia and the Lombards were promised military support in Italy should the need arise ; also, for a period of 200 years the Lombards were to maintain the right to reclaim their former territories if the plan to conquer Italy failed, thus leaving Alboin with an alternative open.

By that period, the shiny armour plate was covered in dark paint and a canvas wrap covered their elaborate Napoleonic style helmets.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

B. Morton as authors of the Daily Express column " By the Way " in the period 1919 – 1975.

By contrast, the normal vaginal discharge will vary in consistency and amount throughout the menstrual cycle and is at its clearest at ovulation-about 2 weeks before the period starts.

By a strange twist, the Benedictines were not a mendicant order, but a stable, monastery-based order, and single-volume breviaries are rare from this early period.

By calculating the maximum time that electrical signals can move in various branches of a CPU's many circuits, the designers can select an appropriate period for the clock signal.

By 1968, the design had reached the one known today, and has been used continuously from this year, apart from a period in the 1970s when the just the letters CAFC appeared on the team's shirts.

By the crusader period, a cistern under the former basilica was rumoured to have been the location that Helena had found the True Cross, and began to be venerated as such ; although the cistern later became the Chapel of the Invention of the Cross, there is no evidence for the rumour prior to the 11th century, and modern archaeological investigation has now dated the cistern to the 11th century repairs by Monomachos.

By the middle of the Devonian, several groups of plants had evolved leaves and true roots, and by the end of the period the first seed-bearing plants appeared.

She continued to make minor and frequently nostalgic period musicals such as Starlift, The West Point Story, On Moonlight Bay, By the Light of the Silvery Moon, and Tea For Two for Warner Brothers.

By the Roman period, however, the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon.

By the Hellenic period, the Alexandrian school made elegy its favorite and most highly developed form.

By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held.

By the end of the Early Modern period however, and the beginnings of the Enlightenment, many European governments brought in laws prohibiting many superstitious beliefs in an attempt to bring an end to the Witch Hunt ; this would invariably affect the release of grimoires.

By the Anglo-Swedish alliance of 3 March 1813, it was ceded to Sweden for a brief period of 15 months.

By the end of the Saxon period, the port of Hastings had moved eastward near the present town centre in the Priory Stream valley, whose entrance was protected by the White Rock headland ( since demolished ).

By the baroque period, in Italy and Spain, more strings were added to allow for chromatic notes ; these were usually in a second line of strings.

By the Tudor period, the Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory initially lost to the colonists: even in the Pale, ‘ all the common folk … for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit and of Irish language ’.

By the end of this period his personal life was again in crisis.

By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.

Following his marriage Albéniz settled in Madrid and produced a quantity of music in a relatively short period. By 1886 he had written over 50 piano pieces.

By the second day Michelangelo began to worry ; ;

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

By the age of twenty, Ferdinando I, Duke of Mantua, began commissioning works from him, and he was also employed by local jewelers for figurative designs.

By 1946, as the growing fellowship quarreled over structure, purpose, and authority, as well as finances and publicity, Wilson began to form and promote what became known as AA's Twelve Traditions, guidelines for an altruistic, unaffiliated, non-coercive, and non-hierarchical structure that limited AA's purpose to only helping alcoholics on a non-professional level while shunning publicity.

By the 1960s, as VFL clubs increasingly recruited the best players from other states, they began to dominate the competition and the last match was played in 1976, with North Adelaide being the last non-Victorian winner in 1972.

By 1906, he was studying music full-time ; by 1907, he began composition lessons.

By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms.

By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

By the age of 64 after forty years imprisonment ` Abdu ’ l-Bahá was freed by the Young Turks and he and his family began to live in relative safety.

By the time World War I began, attempts to use anthrax were directed at animal populations.

By the early 20th century the Liberals stance began to shift towards " New Liberalism ", what would today be called social liberalism: a belief in personal liberty with a support for government intervention to provide minimum levels of welfare.

By the age of four, he was able to play 40 pieces on the piano ; his mother began formally teaching him the next year.

By the early 1910s, Jefferson began traveling frequently to Dallas, where he met and played with fellow blues musician Lead Belly.

By the 1890s, the portion from 23rd Street to 34th Street was so brightly illuminated by electrical advertising signs, that people began calling it " The Great White Way.

By winning operationally, strategically it could not keep up the momentum as the superiority of the Soviet Union's industrial base and economy began to take effect.

By the early 2000s ( decade ), however, the university quietly reexamined its position on accreditation as degree mills proliferated and various government bureaucracies, such as law enforcement agencies, began excluding BJU graduates on the grounds that the university did not appear on appropriate federal lists.

By then, early dance camps, retreats, and weekends had emerged, such as Pinewoods Camp, in Plymouth, Massachusetts, which became primarily a music and dance camp in 1933, and NEFFA, the New England Folk Festival, also in Massachusetts, which began in 1944.

By the 16th century, Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile, and the territory became a colony from 1540 to 1818, when it gained independence from Spain.

By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou Dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley, overrunning the territory of the Shang.

By the fourth century, however, " confessors "— people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by word and life — began to be venerated publicly.

By this time his interest in writing fiction began to lessen and he turned to creating sculptures from soft rock such as soapstone.

By the 1990s Conservative Judaism continued to flourish, yet dichotomies of practice and belief, which had been present for years, began to formulate.

By the 1960s, college cheerleaders began hosting workshops across the nation, teaching fundamental cheer skills to high-school-age girls.

By 1906, Beaux began to live year-round at Green Alley, in a comfortable colony of " cottages " belonging to her wealthy friends and neighbors.

By August 1954 Malenkov's role as de facto head of government was over ; Nikolai Bulganin began signing Council of Ministers decrees ( a right beholden to the Chairman ) and the Presidium gave in to Khrushchev's wishes to replace Malenkov.