) By Hansjörg Pauli

By Hansjörg Pauli

By carrying out this quantization and calculating the eigenvalues of the Casimir operator for the Kepler problem, Wolfgang Pauli was able to derive the energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms ( Figure 6 ) and, thus, their atomic emission spectrum.

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Pauli.

By 1894, the year the Congress was held, he publicly criticised the type of amateur competition embodied in English rowing contests, arguing that its specific exclusion of working-class athletes was wrong.

By the 1730s, in most colonies religious minorities had obtained what contemporaries called religious toleration: " The policy of toleration relieved religious minorities of some physical punishments and some financial burdens, but it did not make them free from the indignities of prejudice and exclusion.

By contrast, in modern discourse, the term supersessionism arises as a criticism of a ( perceived ) Christian belief in Jewish exclusion, not as a Christian articulation of their own understanding of the relation between the Christians and Jews.

By Pauli's exclusion principle, the ground state of a Fermi gas consists of fermions occupying all momentum states corresponding to momentum < math > p < p_F </ math > with all higher momentum states unoccupied.

By Pauli's exclusion principle, both the particles after scattering have to lie above the Fermi surface, with energies Now, suppose the initial electron has energy very close to the Fermi surface Then, we have that also have to be very close to the Fermi surface.

By contrast, Justice Robert Jackson's dissent argued that " defense measures will not, and often should not, be held within the limits that bind civil authority in peace ," and that it would perhaps be unreasonable to hold the military, who issued the exclusion order, to the same standards of constitutionality that apply to the rest of the government.

By the end of 1875, one German trader reported: " German trade and German ships are encountered everywhere, almost at the exclusion of any other nation ".

By contrast in the Weddell Sea off the coast of Antarctica near the edge of the ice pack, the effect of wind cooling is intensified by brine exclusion.

By contrast he discussed and commended the arguments in four separate papers by Thomson, noting that collectively these proved that “ Thomson is not a ‘ one-trick pony ’ obsessed with population to the exclusion of other important issues, but a politician who is thinking deeply about our security and ways to ensure a better future ”.

By a gradual process of judicial inclusion and exclusion this " man " acquires a complex personality ; we begin to know just what " he " can " foresee " in this and that situation, and we end, not with one test but with a whole set of tests.

By applying this general principle, a great number of complex compounds of osmium, ruthenium, iridium, and rhenium, with triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine, and triphenylstibine have been obtained in this laboratory during the past few years.

By the well ordering principle, if there are positive integers that satisfy a given property, then there is a smallest positive integer that satisfies that property ; therefore, there is a smallest positive integer satisfying the property " not definable in under eleven words ".

By the same principle when the pH is too high, the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ( HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >-</ sup >) into urine as urea via the Urea Cycle ( aka the Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle ).

By the mid-19th century, however, the powerful British Empire gave up mercantilism and trade restrictions and introduced the principle of free trade, with few restrictions or tariffs.

By voluntarily stepping down and disbanding his army when the war was won, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs.

By the superposition principle, the wavepacket at any time t is:

By applying the variational principle to the action

By the same principle, 10 is the least common multiple of-5 and 2 as well.

By Bernoulli's principle, this implies a pressure difference and therefore lift.

By principle, originalists are generally unwilling to defer to precedent when precedent seems to come into conflict with the Constitution.

It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do … By the principle of utility is meant that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever according to the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words to promote or to oppose that happiness.

By this I mean the principle that, in deciding what is good and what is bad for a given individual, the ultimate criterion can only be his own wants and his own preferences .”

By 1865, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius had shown that this equivalence principle needed amendment.

By the principle of mathematical induction it follows that the result is true for all natural numbers.

By analyzing the bank accounts of certain members of the ring, he obtained legal proof of the principle on which the spoils had been divided.

By then the mujtahid would be able to issue his own edicts from the sources of Islamic religious laws: the Qur ' an, the Sunnah, ijmāʻ, and ' aql (" intellect ", rather than the Sunnī principle of qiyas ).

By principle, half of the inhabitants are Jewish Israelis, the rest are Muslim and Christian Arabs.

By weighting utility variations by the marginal utilities, the social welfare function implicit to the Kaldor – Hicks compensation principle is represented by anti-egalitarian, concave indifference curves.

By the equivalence principle gravitational stress-energy will always vanish locally at any chosen point in some chosen frame, therefore gravitational stress-energy cannot be expressed as a non-zero tensor ; instead we have to use a pseudotensor.

By the pigeonhole principle, the probability reaches 100 % when the number of people reaches 367 ( since there are 366 possible birthdays, including February 29th ).

By the Leonid Brezhnev period democratic centralism was described, in the 1977 Soviet Constitution, as a principle for organizing the state: " The Soviet state is organized and functions on the principle of democratic centralism, namely the electiveness of all bodies of state authority from the lowest to the highest, their accountability to the people, and the obligation of lower bodies to observe the decisions of higher ones.

By stressing prosopographical analysis, Syme rejected the force of ideas in politics, dismissing most such invocations of constitutional and political principle as nothing more than " political catchwords.

By examining " hotter " and " cooler " spark plugs of the same manufacturer side by side, the principle involved can be very clearly seen ; the cooler plugs have a more substantial ceramic insulator filling the gap between the center electrode and the shell, effectively allowing more heat to be carried off by the shell, while the hotter plugs have less ceramic material, so that the tip is more isolated from the body of the plug and retains heat better.

By no means would we discourage the production of ideas: they provide raw materials with which to work ; ;

By the time they reach that age, however, Aristotle no longer worries about the evil influence of comedies.

By 1937 he had clarified his intentions to serve his people: `` I have striven for clarity and melodious idiom, but at the same time I have by no means attempted to restrict myself to the accepted methods of harmony and melody.

By contrast, even experienced linguists commonly know no more of the range of possibilities in tone systems than the over-simple distinction between register and contour languages.

By all means the most important distinction is that between those total-cost apportionments which superimpose a distribution of admittedly unallocable cost residues on estimates of incremental or marginal costs, and those other apportionments which recognize no difference between true cost allocation and mere total-cost distribution.

By 1952 he was convinced he would no longer spray.

By no means.

By no means are these isolated cases.

By the time Felix turned up it was early afternoon, which, one would think, would be late enough so that by then, except for small children and a few hardy souls who had not yet sobered up, it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night's noisemakers and paper hats.

By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

has no zero in F. By contrast, the fundamental theorem of algebra states that the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed.

By no means do all Jews today believe in reincarnation, but belief in reincarnation is not uncommon among many Jews, including Orthodox.

By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organized opposition in Parliament.

Puttenham, in the time of Elizabeth I of England, wished to start from Elissabet Anglorum Regina ( Elizabeth Queen of the English ), to obtain Multa regnabis ense gloria ( By thy sword shalt thou reign in great renown ); he explains carefully that H is " a note of aspiration only and no letter ", and that Z in Greek or Hebrew is a mere SS.

By the end of the book, Paul realizes that he no longer knows what to do with himself and decides that he has nothing more to lose.

By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small cottage industries along the border with Zurich.

By December 1790 Phillip was ready to return to England, but the colony had largely been forgotten in London and no instructions reached him, so he carried on.

By 1987, however, the USSR withdrew its opposition, concluding the SDI posed no threat.

" By 1923 however, Gropius was no longer evoking images of soaring Romanesque cathedrals and the craft-driven aesthetic of the " Völkisch movement ", instead declaring " we want an architecture adapted to our world of machines, radios and fast cars.

" By 1972 when GE and RCA were no longer in the mainframe business, the remaining five companies behind IBM became known as the BUNCH, an acronym based on their initials.

By 1950, there were only 100, 000 monolingual Bretons, and a rapid decline since, with likely no monolingual speakers left today.

By the last years of the 19th century, The British Museum's collections had increased so much that the Museum building was no longer big enough for them.

By this point, standing up and saying ' no ' to the Black Hand was a dangerous act.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.