By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

By 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops for the Church of England ; but even this small beginning greatly facilitated the growth of Anglicanism around the world.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the beginning of 1204, Isaac II and Alexios IV had inspired little confidence among the people of Constantinople in their efforts to defend the city from the Latins and Venetians, who were restless and rioted when the money and aid promised by Alexios IV was not forthcoming.

By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built space, and there were numerous qualified pilots available.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at the time.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiner's interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research.

By the time the Gospels of Luke and Matthew were written, Jesus is portrayed as being the Son of God from the time of birth, and finally the Gospel of John portrays him as the pre-existent Word () as existing " in the beginning ".

By a 20th-century classification, the idealists ( Kant, Hegel and others ), are considered the beginning of continental philosophy, while the empiricists are the beginning, or the immediate predecessors, of analytical philosophy.

By the mid-1990s, however, companies were beginning to ask what the return was on the investment they had made in this loosely controlled PC software buying spree.

By the end of Judges the Israelites are in a worse condition than they were at the beginning, with Yahweh's treasures used to make idolatrous images, the Levites ( priests ) corrupted, the tribe of Dan conquering a remote village instead of the Canaanite cities, and the tribes of Israel making war on the Benjamites, their own brothers.

By the late 19th century, as a result of the faster shipping, expanding fishery and industrialization of the island, exchanges of people between the island of Newfoundland and Cape Breton increased beginning a cultural exchange that continues to this day.

By early 2000 there had been the beginning of an economic recovery, with the export sector leading the way, as it enjoyed the benefit of the more competitive exchange rate, as well as strong prices for petroleum, Colombia's leading export product.

By the 19th century, the season for celery had been extended, to last from the beginning of September to late in April.

By the beginning of the Warring States, progress in astronomy and mathematics allowed the creation of calculated calendars ( where intercalary months and days are set by a rule, and not arbitrarily ).

By the beginning of 1984, quarterly sales of the ColecoVision had dramatically decreased.

By the beginning of the 19th century, government policy on both sides of the Atlantic began to change, reflecting the growing popularity of the proposition that corporations were riding the economic wave of the future.

By the beginning of August 1524, they had received the requisite permission to discover and conquer lands further south.

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By the time Allen reached his teens, the area, while still a difficult area in which to make a living, began to resemble a town, with wood-frame houses beginning to replace the rough cabins of the early settlers.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By 1912 and 1913, there are beginning to be many films from many American companies that rely on applying novel decoration to the story, rather than supplying any twists to the drama itself to sustain interest.

By the beginning of the Civil War, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had recognized Finnish independence.

By her eighteenth birthday her bent for writing was so evident that Papa and Mamma gave her a Life Of Dickens as a spur to her aspiration.

By the eighteenth century, Chianti was widely recognized as a red wine, but the exact composition and grape varieties used to make Chianti at this point is unknown.

" By the eighteenth century these unorthodox religious and philosophical concerns were well defined as ' occult ', inasmuch as they lay on the outermost fringe of accepted forms of knowledge and discourse ," They were, however, preserved by antiquarians and mystics.

By the end of the eighteenth century, for the few chemists who still used the term phlogiston, the concept was linked to hydrogen.

Gravity, interpreted as an innate attraction between every pair of particles of matter, was an occult quality in the same sense as the scholastics ' " tendency to fall " had been .... By the mid eighteenth century that interpretation had been almost universally accepted, and the result was a genuine reversion ( which is not the same as a retrogression ) to a scholastic standard.

By the late eighteenth century, they founded the first African Episcopal Church and first African Methodist Episcopal ( AME ) churches in Philadelphia.

By the middle of the eighteenth century, Bermuda was sending twice as many privateers to sea as any of the continental colonies.

By the eighteenth century, schools were established to teach penmanship techniques from master penmen, especially in England and the United States.

By the middle of the eighteenth century, the Shawnee, an Algonquian tribe, were the primary tribe of Native Americans living in what would become Athens County.

" By the eighteenth century, " man " had come to refer primarily to males ; some writers who wished to use the term in the older sense deemed it necessary to spell out their meaning: Anthony Trollope, for example, writes of " the infinite simplicity and silliness of mankind and womankind " and when " Edmund Burke, writing of the French Revolution, used men in the old, inclusive way, he took pains to spell out his meaning: ' Such a deplorable havoc is made in the minds of men ( both sexes ) in France ....'"

By the eighteenth century, a distinctive enthusiasm for nature and the Alps spread in European society.

By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the figure of the " Wandering Jew " as an apocryphal legendary individual began to be identified with the fate of the Jewish people as a whole.

By the late eighteenth century, settlement patterns shifted.

By population, Charlemont ranks eighteenth of the 25 towns in Franklin county, and 314th out of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts.

By the end of the eighteenth century, the Sturgeon property was owned by Revolutionary War soldier, Colonel Timothy Green.

By the early eighteenth century brick making had been extended and four shops and one or two alehouses established on the common.

By the end of the eighteenth century, these formal parterres had been removed and the canal ponds filled in.

By the eighteenth century, 145 fudai controlled such smaller han, the greatest assessed at 250, 000 koku.

By the eighteenth century, decorative hamons were often being combined with decorative folding techniques to produce entire landscapes, complete with specific islands, crashing waves, hills, mountains, rivers, and sometimes low spots were cut in the clay to produce niye far away from the hamon, creating effects such as birds in the sky.

By the end of the eighteenth century, however, the term barque ( sometimes, particularly in the USA, spelled bark ) came to refer to any vessel with a particular type of sail-plan.

By the eighteenth century, the game had matured, and in France, playing cards, tokens, the reading out of numbers had been added to the game.

By the eighteenth century, the Ojibwe and Dakota were the two primary tribes that inhabited the area, until around 1745, when the Dakota were forever driven from the St. Croix Valley as a result of the Battle of Kathio.

By the eighteenth century, Rugby School had acquired a national reputation as a public school and moved to its present site.

By the eighteenth century, Catholic musicians began to take the musical lead over their Protestant colleagues.