By the time personal computers were produced, glass in the front panel ( the viewable portion of the CRT ) used barium rather than lead, though the rear of the CRT was still produced from leaded glass.

By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union.

By the time Gorbachev ushered in the process that would lead to the dismantling of the Soviet administrative command economy through his programs of glasnost ( political openness ), uskoreniye ( speed-up of economic development ) and perestroika ( political and economic restructuring ) announced in 1986, the Soviet economy suffered from both hidden inflation and pervasive supply shortages aggravated by an increasingly open black market that undermined the official economy.

By the 12th to 13th centuries A. D., monks were preparing illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment in monasteries throughout Europe and were using lead styli to draw lines for their writings and for the outlines for their illuminations.

By a wide margin, Seth Warner was elected to lead the regiment.

By comparison, the density of lead is 11, 340 kg / m < sup > 3 </ sup >, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22, 610 kg / m < sup > 3 </ sup >.

By the 1960s, however, the quantitative revolution lead to strong criticism of regional geography.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By the time of the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress in July 1990, the CPSU was regarded by liberals and nationalists of the constituent republics as anachronistic and unable to lead the country.

* By material: they can be chemical elements ( as mercury or lead ), alloys ( as niobium-titanium or germanium-niobium or niobium nitride ), ceramics ( as YBCO or the magnesium diboride ), or organic superconductors ( as fullerenes or carbon nanotubes, though these examples technically might be included among the chemical elements as they are composed entirely of carbon ).

By that time, the Broncos were 6 – 0, and had a 3 game lead over the Chargers.

By the time the first half ended, San Francisco had a commanding 21 – 3 lead and went on to a surprisingly easy 30 – 3 win and their second consecutive Super Bowl appearance.

By the end of the half, Dallas had a commanding 28-7 lead and were on their way to a surprisingly easy 38-21 win.

By the time the first half ended, Green Bay had a commanding 21 – 7 lead.

By 1970 Macainsh was back with Strauks, now on drums, first in Claptrap and by 1971 in Frame which had Graeme " Shirley " Strachan as lead vocalist.

By halftime, New England owned a surprising 14 – 3 lead.

* By lead singers-Jim Morrison, Robert Plant, Peter Gabriel, Liam Gallagher, and Ian Astbury have all been known to use a tambourine while singing.

By riding behind the ' lead out ' rider, the second rider reduces the aerodynamic drag felt.

By the following year the group, at this stage still unnamed, began playing gigs at minor local venues, including schools, parish halls and scout huts, where the band's lead singer, Feargal Sharkey, was a local scout leader.

By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests, misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks.

* By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0. 025 % to 0. 014 % its original value in the 14th century ; this and counterfeiting of copper coin currency will lead to a dramatic shift to using silver as the common medium of exchange in China.

By the summer Perot commanded a lead in the presidential race with thirty-nine percent of the vote.

By 1881, both Marx and Engels began to contemplate a course of development in Russia that would lead directly to the communist stage without the intervening bourgeois stage.

By about 1120 Gruffydd had grown too old to lead his forces in battle and Owain and his brothers Cadwallon and later Cadwaladr led the forces of Gwynedd against the Normans and against other Welsh princes with great success.

By 1942, Dönitz had emerged as Hitler's favourite admiral ( whom Hitler liked so much that he eventually named him as his successor ), and that to sack Dönitz would probably lead Hitler to sack him in turn.

By Nov. 8, 1958, weakness, specifically involving the pelvic and thigh musculature, was pronounced, and a common complaint was `` difficulty in stepping up on to curbs ''.

I grinned at him, handed him a couple of dollars and said, `` By the time you get the parking charge figured up, there should be a cigar in it for you ''.

By then they could never catch up with the others.

By the time Felix turned up it was early afternoon, which, one would think, would be late enough so that by then, except for small children and a few hardy souls who had not yet sobered up, it could have been expected that people would no longer be having any sort of active interest in the previous night's noisemakers and paper hats.

By mid-June, millions of Americans will take to the road on vacation trips up and down and back and forth across this vast and lovely land.

By night, an aardwolf can consume up to 200, 000 harvester termites using its sticky, long tongue.

: " By the step leading up into the sleeping-car stood a young Belgian lieutenant, resplendent in uniform, conversing with a small man ( Hercule Poirot ) muffled up to the ears of whom nothing was visible but a pink-tipped nose and the two points of an upward-curled moustache.

By taking up on the bow cable the stern anchor can be set.

By its terms the boundary between Alfred ’ s and Guthrum ’ s kingdoms was to run up the River Thames, to the River Lea ; follow the Lea to its source ( near Luton ); from there extend in a straight line to Bedford ; and from Bedford follow the River Ouse to Watling Street.

By his patron Canova was placed under Bernardi, or, as he is generally called by filiation, Giuseppe Torretto, a sculptor of considerable eminence, who had taken up a temporary residence at Pagnano, one of Asolo's boroughs

By the end of 1898, Western pilgrims started coming to Akka on pilgrimage to visit ` Abdu ' l-Bahá ; this group of pilgrims, including Phoebe Hearst, was the first time that Bahá ' ís raised up in the West had met ` Abdu ' l-Bahá.

By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

By now, England were coached by Alf Ramsey who had managed to gain sole control of the recruitment and team selection procedure from the committee-based call-up system which had lasted up to the previous World Cup.

By 18: 00, the British fleet was again under full sail, Vanguard sixth in the line of ten ships as Culloden trailed behind to the north, and Alexander and Swiftsure hastened to catch up to the west.

By winning operationally, strategically it could not keep up the momentum as the superiority of the Soviet Union's industrial base and economy began to take effect.

" By adopting a policy of building up reserves by maintaining an excess margin, building societies simultaneously allowed banks to compete and may have undermined the long run viability of mutuality.

By this point, standing up and saying ' no ' to the Black Hand was a dangerous act.

By the time the inquiry had retired to write up its findings, it had interviewed over 900 witnesses, over seven years, making it the biggest investigation in British legal history.

By 1825 the Erie Canal, long with 82 locks, opened up a connection from the populated Northeast to the Great Lakes.

By observing which areas of the brain take up the radioactive isotope, we can see which areas of the brain are more active than other areas.

By then, Confucius had build up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government.

By quickly setting up for the next play ( often within 5 – 10 seconds after the last play despite being afforded 45 seconds ) this hindered the other team's defense from substituting situational players, regrouping for tactics, and, some suggest, increased the defense's rate of fatigue ( This is attributed to the belief that the offense dictates when a play starts so they tend to be more mentally relaxed and prepared for the start of a play where the defense must remain on a higher level of alert before the play starts ).

By the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football.