In 2008, YTL Corp acquired a 75 % stake in the Malaysian-based Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) developer, YTL-SV Carbon Sdn Bhd ( then known as SV Carbon ), is currently the largest CDM consultancy in Malaysia and the fifth largest in ASEAN with projects in Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and China.

The Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) is one of the flexibility mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol ( IPCC, 2007 ) that provides for emissions reduction projects which generate Certified Emission Reduction units which may be traded in emissions trading schemes.

The CDM addresses the second objective by by allowing the Annex I countries to meet part of their emission reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol by buying Certified Emission Reduction units from CDM emission reduction projects in developing countries ( Carbon Trust, 2009, p. 14 ).

Between 2001, which was the first year CDM projects could be registered and by 2012, the end of the Kyoto commitment period, the CDM is expected to produce some 1. 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO < sub > 2 </ sub > e ) in emission reductions.

The CDM is one of the Protocol's " project-based " mechanisms, in that the CDM is designed to promote projects that reduce emissions.

To alleviate this concern, the CDM requires host countries to confirm that CDM projects contribute to their own sustainable development.

Actual transaction cost in the CDM are rather high, which is problematic for smaller projects.

Assessing additionality has created delays ( bottlenecks ) in approving CDM projects.

While the C in CDM stands for Clean, most projects might be better defined with the B from Big, from large hydropower to HFC or waste to energy and clean coal projects ( which all together make the majority of credits generated through CDM ) The argument in favor of the CDM is that it brings development to the South but in all continents, the mainly Big Development it stands for is resisted by local people in those countries.

On the 18th of April 2012, a global coalition of researchers published a large report on how African civil society is resisting CDM projects all over the continent.

Civil society groups and researchers in both North and South have complained since years that most CDM projects are benefiting big industries, while doing harm to excluded people.

As local protests against CDM projects are arising on every continent, the very notion of the CDM ' bringing development to the South ' has become a contested notion.

The CDM and JI mechanisms requirements for projects which create a supply of emission reduction instruments, while Emissions Trading allows those instruments to be sold on international markets.

There are three prominent hypotheses on nonbaryonic dark matter, called Hot Dark Matter ( HDM ), Warm Dark Matter ( WDM ), and Cold Dark Matter ( CDM ); some combination of these is also possible.

* Axions are very light particles with a specific type of self-interaction that makes them a suitable CDM candidate.

A recent preliminary finding is that it can explain structure formation without CDM, but requiring a ~ 2eV massive neutrino ( They are also required to fit some Clusters of galaxies, including Bullet Cluster ) and.

Mitigation options through the Kyoto mechanisms ( Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation, and CDM ) are of greatest near-term interest, not only because of the opportunities to obtain financial support, but also because expanded platforms for industrial biotechnology can address long-term sustainable development goals at the same time that they offer greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emission reductions.

The spark plugs, together with the ignition coils and combustion detection module ( CDM ), are used to detect combustion and possible knocking.

The CDM Executive Board, with the CDM Methodology Panel and their expert advisors, review each project and decide how and if they do indeed result in reductions that are additional

# The conceptual level or Conceptual Data Model ( CDM ) defines the high-level data constructs from which Architectural Descriptions are created in non-technical terms, so that executives and managers at all levels can understand the data basis of Architectural Description.

The emissions baseline are the emissions that are predicted to occur in the absence of a particular CDM project.

All baseline methodologies approved by Executive Board are publicly available along with relevant guidance on the UNFCCC CDM website.

According to World Bank ( 2010 ), there are significant constraints to the continued growth of the CDM to support mitigation in developing countries.

-Projects which are compliant with the requirements of the CDM mechanism generate Certified Emissions Reductions ( CERs ).

This measure has the great advantage that the projects / activities are managed according to the quality standards set out for CDM / JI projects but the certificates provided are not registered by the governments of the host countries or the Executive Board of the UNO.

The protocol established the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ), which validates and measures projects to ensure they produce authentic benefits and are genuinely " additional " activities that would not otherwise have been undertaken.

These include the Voluntary Carbon Standard and the CDM Gold Standard that are implemented to provide third-party verification of carbon offset projects.

The CDM identifies over 200 types of projects suitable for generating carbon offsets, which are grouped into broad categories.

IET is relevant as the reductions achieved through CDM projects are a compliance tool for EU ETS operators.

There are also warm-white CDM lamps, with somewhat lower CRI ( 78-82 ) which still give a more clear and natural-looking light than the old mercury-vapour and sodium-vapour lamps when used as street lights, besides being more economical to use.

This wording has led to a wide range of interpretations-the Netherlands for example aims to achieve half of its required emission reductions ( from a BAU baseline ) by CDM.

Then, using methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board ( EB ), the applicant ( the industrialised country ) must make the case that the carbon project would not have happened anyway ( establishing additionality ), and must establish a baseline estimating the future emissions in absence of the registered project.

Any proposed CDM project has to use an approved baseline and monitoring methodology to be validated, approved and registered.

# Flexible Mechanisms: The " flexibility " mechanisms which the United States had strongly favored when the Protocol was initially put together, including emissions trading ; Joint Implementation ( JI ); and the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) which allow industrialized countries to fund emissions reduction activities in developing countries as an alternative to domestic emission reductions.

The report misrepresented Canada's ability to invest in developing nations to meet emissions targets through CDM by misquoting the amount of credit to be 85 million instead of the real approximation of 3 billion.

* Under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) a developed country can ' sponsor ' a greenhouse gas reduction project in a developing country where the cost of greenhouse gas reduction project activities is usually much lower, but the atmospheric effect is globally equivalent.

CDM has an 11-month Master in Development Management program intended for executives and managers from developing nations.

The purpose of the CDM is to promote clean development in developing countries, i. e., the " non-Annex I " countries ( countries that aren't listed in Annex I of the Framework Convention ).

The CDM is designed to start off developing countries on a path towards less pollution, with industralized ( Annex B ) countries paying for these reductions.

An industrialised country that wishes to get credits from a CDM project must obtain the consent of the developing country hosting the project that the project will contribute to sustainable development.

The CDM allows industrialized countries to buy CERS and to invest in emission reductions where it is cheapest globally ( Grubb, 2003, p. 159 ).

To prevent industrialised countries from making unlimited use of CDM, the framework has a provision that use of CDM be ‘ supplemental ’ to domestic actions to reduce emissions.

Without additionality, the CDM amounts to an income transfer to non-Annex I countries ( Burniaux et al., 2009, p. 40 ).

Another difficulty is that the CDM might reduce the incentive for non-Annex I countries to cap their emissions.