An example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands ( Hercules being a kingly symbol ), where " Armand de Richelieu " became " Ardue main d ' Hercule ".

* 1624 – The president of Louis XIII of France's royal council is arrested, leaving Cardinal Richelieu in the role of the King's principal minister.

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France.

Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France.

An even more prominent example is that of Cardinal Richelieu, whose power was so great that he was for many years the real ruler of France.

* 1642 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman ( b. 1585 )

* French from the golden age under Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV ca.

* Richelieu ( 1839 ), adapted for the 1935 film Cardinal Richelieu

He was sent on special embassies to Venice, Germany and England, and displayed so much diplomatic skill and finesse that Cardinal Richelieu ranked him among the three greatest politicians of his time.

The immediate occasion for the war was the uprising of the Protestant nobility of Bohemia against the emperor, but the conflict was widened into a European War by the intervention of King Christian IV of Denmark ( 1625 – 29 ), Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ( 1630 – 48 ) and France under Cardinal Richelieu.

** Louis XIII the Just and his minister Cardinal Richelieu, 1610 – 1643

Over time it became clear these privileges would be open to abuse and when in 1620 the Huguenots proclaimed a constitution for the ' Republic of the Reformed Churches of France ', the Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu ( 1585 – 1642 ) invoked the entire powers of the state.

Although Cardinal Richelieu, the powerful chief minister of France, had previously mauled the Protestants, he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was in the raison d ' état ( national interest ).

Richelieu died in 1642 and was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded by Louis XIV.

* In Alexandre Dumas ' The Three Musketeers, d ' Artagnan escapes prosecution for the death of Milady by means of an ambiguously worded lettre de cachet given to Milady for her own use by the Cardinal de Richelieu.

* 1633 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.

It did not submit to royal authority until after the fall of La Rochelle in 1629, when its fortifications were destroyed by Cardinal Richelieu.

At one point in her life, Cardinal Richelieu offered fifty thousand crowns for a night in her bed.

Cardinal Richelieu of France desired the inclusion of all its allies, whether sovereign or a state within the Holy Roman Empire.

The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France.

Descartes was present at the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627.

* April 29-Louis XIII of France appoints Cardinal Richelieu chief minister of the Royal Council.

According to his own statement, he was deterred from presenting himself at Rome by the warnings of Cardinal Contarini, whom he found at Bologna, dying of poison administered by the reactionary party.

Cardinal Bellarmine was himself ambiguous about heliocentrism, personally noting that further research had to be done to confirm or condemn it.

Cardinal Wolsey, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the Dauphin's father, King Francis I himself, who was eager for an alliance with England.

In 1435 he was sent by Cardinal Albergati, Eugenius IV's legate at the council, on a secret mission to Scotland, the object of which is variously related even by himself < ref > In his Commentaries, he briefly mentions that that he was sent to Scotland " to help a prelate come back into the King's favour " and later mentions that once in the presence of the King ( James I ) he was granted everything he had come to Scotland for.

Pius IV, however, aided by Cardinal Morone and Charles Borromeo, proved himself equal to the emergency, and by judicious management – and concession – brought the council to a termination satisfactory to the disputants and favourable to the pontifical authority.

The main activity was to invest the Church's money, and with advancing years gradually entrusted to him the management of affairs, to such an extent that the Romans said he had reserved to himself only the episcopal functions of benedicere et sanctificare, resigning in favour of the Cardinal the administrative duties of regere et gubernare.

He had himself carried into the chapter-house, issued various decrees for the benefit of the abbey, appointed with the consent of the monks the prior, Cardinal Oderisius, to succeed him in the abbacy, just as he himself had been appointed by Stephen IX, and proposed Odo of Ostia to the assembled cardinals and bishops as the next pope.

Mazarin himself, bearing the French veto of Cardinal Pamphilj, arrived too late, and the election was accomplished.

The Vicar General of Rome, traditionally a Cardinal, and his deputy the Vicegerent, who holds the personal title of Archbishop, supervise the governance of the diocese by reference to the Pope himself, but with no more dependence on the Roman Curia, as such, than other Catholic dioceses throughout the world.

During these centuries many other things have been wrongly defined, for example, that the Divine essence neither is begotten nor begets, that the soul is the substantial form of the human body, and the like assertions, which are made without reason or sense, as the Cardinal of Cambray himself admits.

Cardinal Franco Ferrucci then crowned himself as Benedict VI's successor, becoming Antipope Boniface VII.

The Duke of Orléans was made first minister on the death of Cardinal Dubois in August 1723, and he himself died in December of the same year.

In 1646, Thomas Francis was put in command of the French expedition sent south to take the Tuscan forts, after which he was to advance further south to Naples, drive out the Spanish and put himself on the throne of the kingdom ; but the expedition set off late, and when he besieged Orbetello, the supporting French fleet was defeated by the Spanish and he was forced to raise the siege and conduct a difficult retreat, which he performed so poorly that Cardinal Mazarin subsequently despised his command ability, viewed him as incompetent, and declined to appoint him to the expedition that France sent to support the Naples revolt late in 1647 ( this did not stop Mazarin from considering him as a potential candidate for a French-backed King of Naples, though Paris was so slow to move on this that Henry II, Duke of Guise was adopted by the Neapolitans instead ).

During the Fronde, Thomas Francis linked himself closely with Cardinal Mazarin, who, although effectively prime minister of France, was like him an Italian outsider at the French court.

In 1651 when Mazarin had been forced into exile, the Prince was for a time brought onto the conseil du roi, and an ( admittedly very hostile ) contemporary the duchesse de Nemours described him as a ' prime minister without being aware of it '; there were suggestions that Mazarin's opponents within the court had raised him up as a rival to the cardinal with the Queen, but this is unlikely, especially since Mazarin himself urged the Queen to follow Thomas ' advice, and it is more probable that Mazarin backed the Prince as someone who would keep other rivals from gaining control in his absence but who would never have the status within France to set himself up as a permanent replacement for the Cardinal.

In 1646, Thomas was put in command of the French expedition sent south to take the Tuscan forts, after which he was to advance further south to Naples, drive out the Spanish and put himself on the throne of the kingdom ; but the expedition set off late, and when he besieged Orbetello, the supporting French fleet was defeated by the Spanish and he was forced to raise the siege and conduct a difficult retreat, which he performed so poorly that Cardinal Mazarin subsequently despised his command ability, viewed him as incompetent, and declined to appoint him to the expedition that France sent to support the Naples revolt late in 1647 ( this did not stop Mazarin from considering him as a potential candidate for a French-backed King of Naples, though Paris was so slow to move on this that Henry II, Duke of Guise was adopted by the Neapolitans instead ).

During the Fronde, Thomas linked himself closely with Cardinal Mazarin, who, although effectively prime minister of France, was like him an Italian outsider at the French court.

In 1651 when Mazarin had been forced into exile, the Prince was for a time brought onto the conseil du roi, and an ( admittedly very hostile ) contemporary the duchesse de Nemours described him as a ' prime minister without being aware of it '; there were suggestions that Mazarin's opponents within the court had raised him up as a rival to the cardinal with the Queen, but this is unlikely, especially since Mazarin himself urged the Queen to follow Thomas ' advice, and it is more probable that Mazarin backed the Prince as someone who would keep other rivals from gaining control in his absence but who would never have the status within France to set himself up as a permanent replacement for the Cardinal.

The Cardinal of Lorraine himself was open to the church reform.

In Portugal, the first Grand Inquisitor was Cardinal Henry, the king's brother ( who would later himself become King ).

He suffered from a very painful and distressing complaint, having perpetually suppurating sores on his neck and body, and was far too ill and feeble to do more than sign the documents presented to him by Cardinal Giuseppe Albani, who ruled the Papal States as autocratically as though he had himself worn the triple crown.