An example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands ( Hercules being a kingly symbol ), where " Armand de Richelieu " became " Ardue main d ' Hercule ".

* 1624 – The president of Louis XIII of France's royal council is arrested, leaving Cardinal Richelieu in the role of the King's principal minister.

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France.

Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France.

An even more prominent example is that of Cardinal Richelieu, whose power was so great that he was for many years the real ruler of France.

* 1642 – Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, French statesman ( b. 1585 )

* French from the golden age under Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIV ca.

* Richelieu ( 1839 ), adapted for the 1935 film Cardinal Richelieu

He was sent on special embassies to Venice, Germany and England, and displayed so much diplomatic skill and finesse that Cardinal Richelieu ranked him among the three greatest politicians of his time.

The immediate occasion for the war was the uprising of the Protestant nobility of Bohemia against the emperor, but the conflict was widened into a European War by the intervention of King Christian IV of Denmark ( 1625 – 29 ), Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden ( 1630 – 48 ) and France under Cardinal Richelieu.

** Louis XIII the Just and his minister Cardinal Richelieu, 1610 – 1643

Over time it became clear these privileges would be open to abuse and when in 1620 the Huguenots proclaimed a constitution for the ' Republic of the Reformed Churches of France ', the Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu ( 1585 – 1642 ) invoked the entire powers of the state.

Although Cardinal Richelieu, the powerful chief minister of France, had previously mauled the Protestants, he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was in the raison d ' état ( national interest ).

Richelieu died in 1642 and was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, while Louis XIII died one year later and was succeeded by Louis XIV.

* In Alexandre Dumas ' The Three Musketeers, d ' Artagnan escapes prosecution for the death of Milady by means of an ambiguously worded lettre de cachet given to Milady for her own use by the Cardinal de Richelieu.

* 1633 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.

Cardinal Richelieu himself, preceded by lesser dignitaries, condescended to visit Amyraut privately, to persuade him to kneel ; but Amyraut held resolutely to his point and carried it.

It did not submit to royal authority until after the fall of La Rochelle in 1629, when its fortifications were destroyed by Cardinal Richelieu.

At one point in her life, Cardinal Richelieu offered fifty thousand crowns for a night in her bed.

The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France.

Descartes was present at the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627.

* April 29-Louis XIII of France appoints Cardinal Richelieu chief minister of the Royal Council.

In 1314, Cardinal Egidio Colonna died at Avignon, now in France, where the Popes had withdrawn.

Louis XIV, known as the " Sun King ", reigned over France from 1643 until 1715 although his strongest period of personal rule did not begin until 1661 after the death of his Italian chief minister Cardinal Mazarin.

" When the inquisitor-general of France learned that Servetus was hiding in Vienne, according to Calvin under an assumed name, he contacted Cardinal François de Tournon, the secretary of the archbishop of Lyon, to take up the matter.

Later on in Rome Raphael was commissioned to paint “ The Transfiguration ” by Cardinal Gioulio di Medici who had been appointed as arch bishop of Narbonne in the south of France.

Alexander VII's pontificate was shadowed by continual friction with Cardinal Mazarin, adviser to Louis XIV of France ( 1643 – 1715 ), who had opposed him during the negotiations that led to the Peace of Westphalia and who defended the prerogatives of the Gallican Church.

He travelled in the suite of the Pope during the papal visit to Nice, where Paul III was promoting a truce between François I and Charles V. He then accompanied the young Cardinal Farnese on a trip to Spain, France and the Spanish Netherlands to help implement the terms of the truce.

In 1264, Benedetto became part of the Roman Curia, where he served as secretary to Cardinal Simon de Brion, the future Pope Martin IV, on a mission to France.

The most remarkable event of Clement VIII's reign was the reconciliation to the Church of Henry IV of France ( 1589 – 1610 ), after long negotiations, carried on with great dexterity through Cardinal Arnaud d ' Ossat, that resolved the complicated situation in France.

After five months, Cardinal Pignatelli emerged as a compromise candidate between the cardinals of France and the Holy Roman Empire.

* August 12 – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII of France to be his first minister.

* March – Following the death of his mentor, Cardinal Mazarin, King Louis XIV of France starts to rule independently.

* January 29 – Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury, Bishop of Fréjus, chief minister of France under Louis XV ( b. 1653 )

* Pierre de Bérulle of France ( 1575 – 1629 ), Cardinal and diplomat

There his learning won for him a prominent place among scholars ; and when Reuchlin was at Rome ( 1498-1500 ) and desired to perfect his knowledge of Hebrew literature, Cardinal Domenico Grimani advised him to apply to Obadiah.

Under Manning's influence, Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman appointed a staff at St Edmund's College, Ware, who were neither desired nor welcomed by the president ( 1855-56 ).

Philip's wife Elizabeth-a member of the ducal house of Parma-and her favorite minister, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, desired to have their claims in Italy and those of Philip's restored.

Cardinal Barberini desired a plaster cast of it to keep with the antique original.

The Cardinal Prince Henry, who had bestowed these honors, desired to employ him at Lisbon in state business when King Sebastian took up the reins of power in 1568, but Osório excused himself on the ground of his pastoral duties, though he showed his zeal for the commonwealth by writing two letters, one in which he dissuaded the king from going to Africa, the other sent during the latter's first expedition there, in which he called on him to return to his kingdom.

A personal connection with Ashwell would account for the inclusion of his Masses in the Forrest-Heyther Partbooks, copied either by Taverner or for him when he became head of music at Cardinal College, Oxford in 1526.