Casimir Pierre Perier's gravesite in Paris ’ s Pere-Lachaise Cemetery, 2005.

Three of his eight sons, Casimir ( 1777 – 1832 ), Scipion ( 1776 – 1821 ) and Joseph ( 1786 – 1866 ) were in the forefront of business and finance during the Bourbon Restoration.

For Casimir's business career, see Richard J. Barker, " Casimir Perier & William Ternaux: Two French Capitalists " ( Duke Univ, 1958 ).

The government became ineffective because of large scale internal conflicts ( e. g. Lubomirski's Rokosz against John II Casimir and rebellious confederations ), corrupted legislative processes and manipulation by foreign interests.

In order to enlist the support of the nobility, especially the military help of pospolite ruszenie, Casimir was forced to give up important privileges to their caste, which made them finally clearly dominant over townsfolk ( burghers or mieszczaństwo ).

For assistance against the Order, the Confederation asked for help from King Casimir IV of Poland ; Casimir's subsequent claiming of Prussia led to the Thirteen Years ' War.

In Saalfeld Richeza led the Polish opposition which supported her son Casimir, who in 1039, with the help of Conrad II, finally obtain the Polish throne.

To help the besieged army, on March 27 Frederick VI left Warsaw with 2, 500 reiters and dragoons, so John Casimir ordered mounted divisions of Czarnecki and Lubomirski to face the margrave.

Also, he received the help of his brother Bolesław with troops against Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia for the possession of Ladzka.

" The Pope's reply to Stephen denied him help, but awarded him with the " Athleta Christi ", while King Casimir pleaded " poverty both in money and men " and did nothing ; his own men then accused him of sloth, and advised him to change his shameful behaviour or hand over his rule to someone else.

However, there is still some debate on whether vacuum energy is necessary to explain the Casimir effect.

A model of inertia using Unruh radiation and a Hubble-scale Casimir effect, which, unlike MOND, has no adjustable parameters, has been proposed to explain the Pioneer anomaly and the flyby anomaly.

In Paris, a committee of the liberal opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker < span lang =" fr "> Jacques Laffitte </ span >, < span lang =" fr "> Casimir Perier </ span >, Generals < span lang =" fr "> Étienne Gérard </ span > and < span lang =" fr "> Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau </ span >, among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which, not surprisingly, they asked for the < span lang =" fr "> ordonnances </ span > to be withdrawn ; more surprising was their criticism " not of the King, but his ministers " – thereby disproving Charles X's conviction that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.

* Casimir III of Poland ( 1312 – 1377 ) expansionist and financial reformer.

After initially escaping to Hungary, Casimir went to Germany, where in 1039 his relative the Emperor Henry III ( who feared the increased power of the Bohemian ruler ) gave him military and financial support.

Disappointed by such dynastic policies, Mikhailo Olelkovich with relatives Iwan Olshanski-Dubrovicki and Feodor Ivanovich Belsky planned a coup against Casimir IV in 1481.

* Restoration of Poland carried out by Casimir I the Restorer

Albert was born at Ansbach and, having lost his father Casimir in 1527, he came under the guardianship of his uncle George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, a strong adherent of Protestantism.

His mother was Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, and his wife Elisabeth of Austria.

He was the fourth son of Casimir IV Jagiellon.

Alexander was born as son of the King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and Elisabeth Habsburg of Hungary, daughter of the King Albert of Hungary.

His teaching of budding young musicians continued, and among his pupils in composition ( usually vocal ) were Ludwig van Beethoven, Antonio Casimir Cartellieri, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert and many other luminaries of the early Romantic period.

Aldona married Casimir III of Poland, when he was 15 or 16 years old.

Casimir was seeking allies over the dispute of Pomerania with the Knights.

The importance of the marriage was attested by the fact that Casimir abandoned his earlier plans to marry Jutta of Bohemia.

Her husband Casimir is known for his romantic affairs: after Aldona's death he married three more times.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

It was later revised and enlarged by Sirmond, Labbeus, and Casimir Oudin.

The Battle of Berestechko (; ) was fought between the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, aided by their Crimean Tatar allies, and a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army under King John II Casimir.

The Polish infantry centre, under the personal command of King John Casimir, advanced slowly forward.

As the battle ended, King John Casimir made the error of not pressing even harder the pursuit of the fleeing Cossacks.

Casimir III the Great () ( 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370 ) who reigned in 1333 – 1370, was the last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty, the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Duchess Hedwig of Kalisz.

Born in Kowal, Casimir the Great first married Anna, or Aldona Ona, the daughter of the Prince Gediminas of Lithuania.

When Casimir, the last Piast king of Poland, died in 1370, his nephew King Louis I of Hungary succeeded him to become king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.

Casimir the Great built many new castles ( including Wawel Castle ), reformed the Polish army and Polish civil and criminal law.

In 1355 in Buda, Casimir designated Louis I of Hungary as his successor.

His second daughter, Elisabeth, Duchess of Pomerania, bore a son in 1351, Casimir IV of Pomerania.

He was slated to become the heir, but did not succeed to the throne, dying childless in 1377, 7 years after King Casimir.

He was the only male descendant of King Casimir who lived during his lifetime.

However, Casimir III the Great submitted to the Golden Horde and undertook to pay tribute in order to avoid more conflicts.

Casimir had no legitimate sons.

King Casimir was favorably disposed toward Jews.