Casimir is the only Polish king who both received and kept the title of the Great in Polish history ( Bolesław I Chrobry is also called the Great, but his title Chrobry ( Valiant ) is now more common ).

Casimir also had three illegitimate sons by his mistress Cudka, wife of a castellan.

According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.

Clement also excommunicated King Casimir III of Poland and made Prague an archbishopric in 1344.

From the age of nine, St. Casimir was educated by Jan Długosz and Filippo Buonaccorsi ( also known as Filip Callimachus ).

It is true that certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, when described in the context of the quantum field theories, lead to stress – energy tensors that also violate the energy conditions, such as negative mass-energy, and thus one can hope that Alcubierre-type warp drives can be physically realized by clever engineering taking advantage of such quantum effects.

He also created artworks for emperor Maximilian I and for Margrave Casimir Hohenzollern von Brandenburg-Kulmbach.

King Casimir IV Jagiellon also frequently visited Radom, together with his wife, Elizabeth of Austria.

There was also a large Catholic movement to the city, opening up churches for their own ethnicity, such as St. Stanislaus ( Polish ), St. Rose ( Irish ), Holy Name ( German ), St. Patrick ( Irish ), Sacred Heart ( Italian ), St. Joseph ( German ), St. Mary ( German ), Holy Trinity ( Slovak ), St. Casimir ( Lithuanian ), and others.

He also enlisted the services of a number of Continental soldiers of fortune, among whom were Lafayette, Baron Johann de Kalb, Thomas Conway, Casimir Pulaski, and Baron von Steuben.

Similar festivals are also held in Hrodna, Belarus, the city where St. Casimir died, as well as in some cities in Poland following the fall of Communism in Poland.

Gorlice was founded during the reign of Casimir the Great in 1354 by German settlers from Görlitz ( see also Walddeutsche ).

* English translation: John Casimir, by God's grace King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and, Chernihiv ; and also hereditary King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals.

However, the Casimir effect is no certain proof for vacuum energy since it can also be explained without this theory.

The Casimir effect can also be understood in terms of the behavior of virtual particles in the empty space between two parallel plates.

Like Sweden, John II Casimir was also looking for allies to break the deadlock of the war.

Casimir was supported in his rebellion by his elder brother Duke Mieszko III the Old of Greater Poland, the magnate Jaksa of Miechów and Sviatoslav, son of Voivode Piotr Włostowic, as well as the Archbishops of Gniezno and Kraków ; also, almost all Leeser Polish nobility was on his side.

Chicagoans also often eat pączki on Casimir Pulaski Day.

Casimir Pyrame de Candolle, Augustin de Candolle's grandson, also contributed to the Prodromus through his detailed, extensive research and characterization of the Piperaceae family of plants.

: For the duke of Pomerania-Stettin also occasionally counted as Casimir IV, see Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania

He also began work on a campus for the Cracow Academy he founded in 1364, but Casimir died in 1370 and the campus was never completed.

This point of view is also stated by Jaffe ( 2005 ): " The Casimir force can be calculated without reference to vacuum fluctuations, and like all other observable effects in QED, it vanishes as the fine structure constant,, goes to zero.

During the period of his nunciature, John visited all parts of the Empire, preaching and combating the heresy of the Hussites ; he also visited Poland at the request of Casimir IV Jagiellon.

The Second Peace of Thorn of 1466 (; ) was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn ( Toruń ) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other.

Because of its strategic location, in 1343 king Casimir III signed there a peace treaty with the Teutonic Order.

Deserted by Casimir IV and surrounded on every side by the Moscow armies, which occupied the major monasteries around the city, Novgorod ultimately recognized Ivan's direct rule over the city and its vast hinterland in a document signed and sealed by Archbishop Feofil of Novgorod ( 1470 – 1480 ) on 15 January 1478.

In Paris, a committee of the liberal opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker < span lang =" fr "> Jacques Laffitte </ span >, < span lang =" fr "> Casimir Perier </ span >, Generals < span lang =" fr "> Étienne Gérard </ span > and < span lang =" fr "> Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau </ span >, among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which, not surprisingly, they asked for the < span lang =" fr "> ordonnances </ span > to be withdrawn ; more surprising was their criticism " not of the King, but his ministers " – thereby disproving Charles X's conviction that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.

On October 12, 1655, with permission of King John Casimir, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg signed the Treaty of Rinsk, in which Royal Prussian nobility agreed to allow Brandenburgian garrisons in their province to defend it against the Swedish invasion ( the treaty did not include the cities of Gdańsk, Elbląg and Toruń ).

On December 1, 1656, first Treaty of Vienna was signed, which was followed by the second Treaty of Vienna, in which Emperor Leopold I promised to aid John Casimir with 12, 000 troops against the Swedish-Brandenburgian alliance.

Despite now he had his own district, Bolesław didn't pursue a foreign policy, who continue under the hands of his brother, a fact revealed during the dispute with Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia for the possession of Ladzka, who was given to him by Henry II the Pious as a dowry of his daughter Constance-Casimir I's second wife -; this decision wasn't recognized by Władysław Odonic's sons, but eventually they reconciled and even signed and an alliance with the Kuyavian Duke, which effectively ended with any attempt to change the ownership of the disputed land.

The formal treaty was signed on 29 November 1259 ; however, Casimir I delayed in fulfilled the provisions of the agreement, which led in 1261 to a new military expedition.

He had in the meantime improved his position by an alliance with Wladislaus Lokietek, king of Poland, and had his daughter Aldona baptized for the sake of betrothing her to Władysław's son Casimir III.

The Treaty of Bydgoszcz agreed in 1657 by King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland and Elector Frederick William II of Brandenburg-Prussia created a military alliance between Poland and Prussia while marking the withdrawal of Prussia from its alliance with Sweden.

Alarmed at Moscow's growing power, Novgorod had negotiated with Lithuania in the hope of placing itself under the protection of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Lithuania, a would-be alliance regarded by Moscow as an act of apostasy from orthodoxy.

King John II Casimir of Poland didn't take the Swedish-Prussian alliance lying down.

In return for Frederick William's renunciation of the Swedish-Prussian alliance, John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia.

Also, Sweden was prevented from forming a Swedish-Polish alliance by the refusal of John II Casimir to drop his claims to the Swedish crown and the unwillingness of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility to make the territorial and political concessions an alliance with Sweden would eventually cost, final negotiations in Lübeck during February 1655 ended without a result.

After Poland and Lithuania had formed the Union of Krėva in 1385, and Poland had rejected the claims of Casimir III's grandson Casimir IV of Pomerania-Stolp, Bogislaw VIII and Wartislaw VII of Pomerania-Stolp in 1386 concluded an anti-Polish alliance with the Teutonic Knights, after they had settled their common border.

Later in 1388 however, the dukes of Pomerania-Stolp left this alliance and sided with Poland, who had promised to partially respect their claims as Casimir III's heirs.

By 1480 Muscovy and Crimea were in alliance against the Great Horde and Poland-Lithuania under Casimir IV.

She also concluded an alliance with Casimir, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Frederick William I had already in Wehlau agreed to aid John II Casimir Vasa with 8, 000 men, and both parties agreed on an " eternal alliance ".

John II Casimir of Poland forestalled the Swedish-Prussian alliance by submitting a counter-offer, which Frederick William accepted.

In return for Frederick William's renunciation of the Swedish-Prussian alliance, John Casimir recognised Frederick William's full sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia ().

However, in 1039 Casimir I was supported by Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor against the Bohemians and soon afterwards the legitimate ruler also concluded an alliance with Kievan Rus.

However, after the congress of Kalisz, held in January 1293, such an alliance between Przemysł II, Wladislaus the Short and his brother Casimir I was indeed concluded.