Casimir is the only Polish king who both received and kept the title of the Great in Polish history ( Bolesław I Chrobry is also called the Great, but his title Chrobry ( Valiant ) is now more common ).

According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.

Clement also excommunicated King Casimir III of Poland and made Prague an archbishopric in 1344.

From the age of nine, St. Casimir was educated by Jan Długosz and Filippo Buonaccorsi ( also known as Filip Callimachus ).

It is true that certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, when described in the context of the quantum field theories, lead to stress – energy tensors that also violate the energy conditions, such as negative mass-energy, and thus one can hope that Alcubierre-type warp drives can be physically realized by clever engineering taking advantage of such quantum effects.

He also created artworks for emperor Maximilian I and for Margrave Casimir Hohenzollern von Brandenburg-Kulmbach.

Casimir also signed an alliance with Yaroslav I the Wise, the Prince of Kievan Rus ', who was linked with him through Casimir's marriage with Yaroslav's sister, Maria Dobronega.

King Casimir IV Jagiellon also frequently visited Radom, together with his wife, Elizabeth of Austria.

There was also a large Catholic movement to the city, opening up churches for their own ethnicity, such as St. Stanislaus ( Polish ), St. Rose ( Irish ), Holy Name ( German ), St. Patrick ( Irish ), Sacred Heart ( Italian ), St. Joseph ( German ), St. Mary ( German ), Holy Trinity ( Slovak ), St. Casimir ( Lithuanian ), and others.

He also enlisted the services of a number of Continental soldiers of fortune, among whom were Lafayette, Baron Johann de Kalb, Thomas Conway, Casimir Pulaski, and Baron von Steuben.

Similar festivals are also held in Hrodna, Belarus, the city where St. Casimir died, as well as in some cities in Poland following the fall of Communism in Poland.

Gorlice was founded during the reign of Casimir the Great in 1354 by German settlers from Görlitz ( see also Walddeutsche ).

* English translation: John Casimir, by God's grace King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Masovia, Samogitia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and, Chernihiv ; and also hereditary King of the Swedes, Goths and Vandals.

However, the Casimir effect is no certain proof for vacuum energy since it can also be explained without this theory.

The Casimir effect can also be understood in terms of the behavior of virtual particles in the empty space between two parallel plates.

Like Sweden, John II Casimir was also looking for allies to break the deadlock of the war.

Casimir was supported in his rebellion by his elder brother Duke Mieszko III the Old of Greater Poland, the magnate Jaksa of Miechów and Sviatoslav, son of Voivode Piotr Włostowic, as well as the Archbishops of Gniezno and Kraków ; also, almost all Leeser Polish nobility was on his side.

Chicagoans also often eat pączki on Casimir Pulaski Day.

Casimir Pyrame de Candolle, Augustin de Candolle's grandson, also contributed to the Prodromus through his detailed, extensive research and characterization of the Piperaceae family of plants.

: For the duke of Pomerania-Stettin also occasionally counted as Casimir IV, see Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania

He also began work on a campus for the Cracow Academy he founded in 1364, but Casimir died in 1370 and the campus was never completed.

This point of view is also stated by Jaffe ( 2005 ): " The Casimir force can be calculated without reference to vacuum fluctuations, and like all other observable effects in QED, it vanishes as the fine structure constant,, goes to zero.

During the period of his nunciature, John visited all parts of the Empire, preaching and combating the heresy of the Hussites ; he also visited Poland at the request of Casimir IV Jagiellon.

Casimir had no legitimate sons.

Although Jews had lived in Poland since before the reign of King Casimir, he allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of the king.

Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948 ; the former is called the Casimir-Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense.

It was not until 1997, however, that a direct experiment, by S. Lamoreaux, described above, quantitatively measured the force ( to within 15 % of the value predicted by the theory ), although previous work van Blockland and Overbeek ( 1978 ) had observed the force qualitatively, and indirect validation of the predicted Casimir energy had been made by measuring the thickness of liquid Helium films by Sabisky and Anderson in 1972.

( This division of Crown Poland into two entities called Greater and Lesser Poland had its roots in the Statutes of Casimir the Great of 1346 – 1362, where the laws of " Greater Poland " – the northern part of the country – were codified in the Piotrków statute, with those of " Lesser Poland " in the separate Wiślica statute.

In the hereditary lands Brandenburg-Ansbach in Franconia, where with his older brother Casimir of Brandenburg-Kulmbach he had assumed the regency in place of their father, he encountered greater difficulties, although the popular spirit was inclined toward the Reformation.

Its last king, Casimir III, had left no legitimate son and considered his male grandchildren either unsuited or too young to reign.

Poland was reunited under Casimir I the Restorer in 1039, but the capital was moved to Kraków, which had been relatively unaffected by the troubles.

His father, King Casimir IV, had him educated well concerning public affairs and when his brother Władysław, became king of Bohemia, Casimir became crown prince and heir-apparent to the throne of Poland.

Casimir arrived to the fortress of Nitra, and then to Perény and Rozgony, but in December he had to flee from Hungary, as the King recovered full control and arrested the traitors.

He had in the meantime improved his position by an alliance with Wladislaus Lokietek, king of Poland, and had his daughter Aldona baptized for the sake of betrothing her to Władysław's son Casimir III.

( This division of Crown Poland into two entities called Greater and Lesser Poland had its roots in the Statutes of Casimir the Great of 1346 – 1362, where the laws of " Greater Poland " – the northern part of the country – were codified in the Piotrków statute, with those of " Lesser Poland " in the separate Wiślica statute.

From 1560 Bielsko was held by Frederick Casimir of Cieszyn, son of Duke Wenceslaus III Adam, who due to the enormous debts his son left upon his death in 1571, had to sell it to the Promnitz noble family at Pless.

Alarmed at Moscow's growing power, Novgorod had negotiated with Lithuania in the hope of placing itself under the protection of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Lithuania, a would-be alliance regarded by Moscow as an act of apostasy from orthodoxy.

According to the 1454 Incorporation Statute issued by King Casimir IV, Royal Prussia enjoyed substantial autonomy as part of the Crown of Poland, it had its own treasury and monetary unit and armies.

In the 1570s, he had persuaded John Casimir to consider proposals for a united Protestant effort against the Roman Catholic Church and Spain.

* Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart ( 1720 – 1788 ), aka " Bonnie Prince Charlie ", married Louise of Stolberg-Gedern and had no issue ; had affair with his cousin Marie Louise de La Tour d ' Auvergne and had issue ; had issue with his mistress Clementina Walkinshaw ;

Her husband Casimir is known for his romantic affairs: after Aldona's death he married three more times.

However, not all the Silesian dukes accepted his authority: Dukes Bolko I the Strict, Konrad II the Hunchback and three of the four sons of Władysław of Opole: Casimir of Bytom, Mieszko I of Cieszyn and Przemysław of Racibórz were completely against Henry's politics.

Because Lauenburg remained loyal to the Prussian Confederation instead of the Teutonic Knights, King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland granted the town three nearby villages.

On January 12, 1656, John Casimir left Krosno, and after three days, arrived at Łańcut Castle, which belonged to the Lubomirski family.

But at the end Bolesław maintained his rule by largely accepting the demands of rebels ; he divided late Henry's duchy in three parts: the lands of Wiślica were granted to Casimir, Bolesław himself obtained Sandomierz proper and the rest passed to Mieszko III.

* tomb of Casimir Pierre Périer, including three bas-reliefs of Eloquence, Justice and Strength, Père Lachaise Cemetery, 1837

His son, King Casimir the Great built the towns fortified walls with three gates and the castle which was later pulled down.