Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern.

Consumer theory uses indifference curves and budget constraints to generate consumer demand curves.

Consumer surplus is thus the definite integral of the demand function with respect to price, minus the definite integral of the constant function D ( P )= Q < sub > mkt </ sub > ( i. e. P < sub > mkt </ sub > Q < sub > mkt </ sub >), from the market price to the maximum reservation price ( i. e. the price-intercept of the demand function ):

Consumer surplus is the area between the price line and the demand curve.

Consumer demand surveys are interview based statistical surveys that measure the percentage of households that will buy a car, white goods, PCs, TVs, home furnishings, kitchenware or toys in, for example, the next three-month period.

The Institute for Business Cycle Analysis publishes a monthly consumer demand survey known as US Consumer Demand Indices.

Consumer Y's demand is exactly twice consumer X's demand, and each of these consumers is represented by a separate demand curve, and their combined demand ( Dmarket ).

Provisions of the 1933 Banking Act that were later repealed or replaced include ( 1 ) Sections 5 ( c ) and 19, which required an owner of more than 50 % of a Federal Reserve System member bank ’ s stock to receive a permit from ( and submit to inspection by ) the Federal Reserve Board to vote that stock ( replaced by the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 ); ( 2 ) Section 8, which established the Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) made up of representatives from each of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks ( replaced by the Federal Reserve Board-dominated FOMC established by the Banking Act of 1935 ); ( 3 ) Section 11 ( b ), which prohibited interest payments on demand deposits ( repealed by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ) and authorized the Federal Reserve Board to limit interest rates on time deposits ( phased out by the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 ), both of which interest limitations were incorporated into Regulation Q, and ( 4 ) Section 12, which prohibited Federal Reserve System member bank loans to their executive officers and required the repayment of outstanding loans ( replaced by the 1935 Banking Act ’ s regulation of such loans and modified by later legislation ).

Consumer choice is a theory of microeconomics that relates preferences for consumption goods and services to consumption expenditures and ultimately to consumer demand curves.

Consumer theory is therefore based around the problem of generate refutable hypotheses about the nature of consumer demand from this behavioral postulate.

* Consumer demand tests ( animals )

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, however, passed by Congress and signed into law by President Obama on July 21, 2010, repealed the statutes that prohibit interest-bearing demand deposit accounts, effectively repealing Regulation Q ( Pub.

* 25 April – The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission in a landmark judgement rules that hospitals are duty bound to accept accident victims, that patients in critical condition and that doctors cannot first demand fees before agreeing to treat the patient and that a relative's consent is not necessary if there is no family member present at the time.

Consumer demand for innovative, expensive, and increasingly complex electronically-controlled and computerized appliances, coupled with higher labor costs and complaints over Maytag product quality and service, influenced a decline in Maytag sales and profit margins.

Consumer spending or consumer demand or consumption is also known as personal consumption expenditure.

Consumer demand for more of these knives resulted in the importation of large numbers of side-opening and telescoping blade switchblades, primarily from Italy.

The Regulation Q prohibition of interest-bearing demand deposit accounts was effectively repealed by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ( Pub.

Consumer demand is inelastic and largely insensitive to price change, while sales volumes are generally low.

Consumer demand is generated by people who actively or passively buy the products or services of trafficked labor.

A prototype of the full computer was shown to the public for the first time at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in 1984.

The 7800 was initially released in southern California in June 1984, following an announcement on May 21, 1984 at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show.

Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network ( ICPEN ), which was formed in 1991 from an informal network of government customer fair trade organisations.

On July 21, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law the Nonadmitted and Reinsurance Reform Act of 2010 (" NRRA "), which took effect on July 21, 2011 and was part of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

The report was disputed by representatives of the Consumer Federation of America, the National Fair Housing Alliance, the National Consumer Law Center, and the Center for Economic Justice, for relying on data provided by the insurance industry.

A new advertising campaign was aired in time for the 1982 Christmas season, and the ECS itself was shown to the public at the January 1983 Consumer Electronic Show ( CES ) in Las Vegas.

Kazaa was introduced by the Dutch company Consumer Empowerment in March 2001, near the end of the first generation of P2P networks typified by the shutdown of Napster in July 2001.

Consumer Empowerment was sued in the Netherlands in 2001 by the Dutch music publishing body, Buma / Stemra.

In October 2001 a lawsuit was filed against Consumer Empowerment by members of the music and motion picture industry in the USA.

According to Consumer Reports, the most common large size configuration for the 2011 model year was 7 passenger seating.

The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton.

Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with the less toxic substitute, titanium white ( titanium dioxide ), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission.

There were plans to release the G7400 in the United States as the Odyssey³ and later as the Odyssey³ Command Center ; the system was demonstrated at the 1983 Consumer Electronics Show and some prototypes have been found.

This now-discontinued ISR practice was informally labeled a scam and a fraud, and the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs issued a violation against ISR for engaging in a deceptive trade practice.

Paula Block, then of CBS Consumer Products, was responsible for approving proposals and all completed manuscripts for the licensed media tie-ins, and granted many such uses of TAS material since Roddenberry's passing.

Consumer patterns were also shifting at this time, as purchasing power was becoming stronger and more accessible to a wider range of families.

In Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council,, the Court overruled Valentine and ruled that commercial speech was entitled to First Amendment protection:

" At the same time, the investment community was worried about proposed legal reforms, including the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act which dealt with matters such as credit card rates and lending requirements.

After the lawsuit was filed, the Consumer Affairs Department reviewed five to six years of the cemetery's annual inspection records and found no indication that graves had been disturbed.

Hyundai Santa Fe was awarded the Top Pick by Consumer Reports in 2008.

The Hyundai Elantra was Consumer Reports ' top-ranked 2008 vehicle among 19 other compacts and small family cars, beating out the Honda Civic, Toyota Corolla and Toyota Prius.

The Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act ( or CBDTPA ) was a United States bill proposed in 2002 that would have prohibited any kind of technology that could be used to read digital content without digital rights management ( DRM )— which prohibits copying and reading any content under copyright without permission of the copyright owner.

After selling it to Niklas Zennström from Sweden and Janus Friis from Denmark, it was introduced in March 2001 by their Dutch company Consumer Empowerment.