In that event, we can correctly say that we have received an authoritative interpretation of the matter, and one which we can follow statewide with confidence that the policy will not be overthrown in other Superior Courts.

Narayanan – AIR India Reporter 1988 Court Page No. 1381 ; 1988 Volume No. 3 SCC Court Cases Page No. 366 ; 1988 PLJR 78 – Although an affidavit may be taken as proof of the facts stated therein, the Courts have no jurisdiction to admit evidence by way of affidavit.

Courts in the United States and the United Kingdom have rejected the doctrine of a common law copyright.

Judges from the Court of Final Appeal, High Court, District Courts along with members from the various tribunals and Coroner's Court all have the power to impose immediate punishments for contempt in the face of the court, derived from legislation or through common law:

Magistrates ' Courts are not superior courts of record, but nonetheless have powers granted under the Contempt of Court Act 1981.

Courts have ruled as excessive and invalidated damages which the parties contracted as liquidated, but which the court nonetheless found to be penal.

In England and Wales ( which have the same legal system ), minor criminal cases are heard without a jury in the Magistrates ' Courts.

Courts have ruled this admissible as long as the original waiver is said and the " translation " is recorded either on paper or on tape.

* S. M. Stirling's Lords of Creation series includes In the Courts of the Crimson Kings, in which Mars ( as well as Venus ) have been terraformed by unknown aliens over the course of hundreds of millions of years and seeded with all kinds of terrestrial life.

Other sites from the defunct Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts chain in Chattanooga, Memphis and Dallas have simply been demolished.

Thus, a federal district court that falls within the geographic boundaries of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals is bound by rulings of the Third Circuit Court, but not by rulings in the Ninth Circuit, since the Circuit Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction defined by geography.

Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process:

Finally, if all possible rightful orders of primogeniture and representation have been exhausted, then the General Courts will select a successor in the way that best suits the interest of Spain.

Courts have not yet had to decide whether advertisers can be held liable for spyware that displays their ads.

Courts have developed a number of exceptions to the warrant requirement:

Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person ’ s home ( unlike a person's open fields ) under the Fourth Amendment.

" The U. S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion.

U. S. Courts of Appeals, in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District, Herndon v. Chapel Hill, and Steirer v. Bethlehem School District, have ruled that the use of community service as a high school graduation requirement did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment.

Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: " Indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law.

Courts in New York, North Carolina, and Virginia have ruled that, under applicable state law, ULC ministers are not authorized to solemnize marriages and a marriage at which a ULC minister officiated therefore is not valid.

The law courts have since moved to the Royal Courts of Justice, close to the border of the City of London.

3 ( a )( 10 ) of the 34 act ) the US Courts have developed a broad definition for securities that must then be registered with the SEC.

Courts sometimes have to attribute a conjunctive ( X ' and ' Y ) intention to the legislature even though the list is disjunctive ( X ' or ' Y ) because, otherwise, no overall interpretation of the law in question would make sense.

Courts martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury.

Unlike the state supreme court, the Courts of Appeal have mandatory review jurisdiction under the informal legal tradition in common law countries that all litigants are entitled to at least one appeal.

Under Section 2 ( b ) of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court.

Under Section 2 ( c ) of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication ( whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise ) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which:

Because the political system evolved over time, rather than being changed suddenly in an event such as a revolution, it is continuously being defined by acts of Parliament and decisions of the Law Courts ( see Constitution of the United Kingdom ).

All legal procedures concerned with probate ( as defined above ) come within the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the High Court of Justice by virtue of Section 25 of the Senior Courts Act 1981.

While the Courts have never brightly defined how to determine if an interest is compelling, the concept generally refers to something necessary or crucial, as opposed to something merely preferred.

High Courts have general jurisdiction over defined geographical areas in which they are situated, and the decisions of the High Courts are binding on magistrates ' courts within their areas of jurisdiction.

Courts have not clearly defined what " significant periods " and " frequent and continuous contact " mean, which requires parents to litigate to find out.

Amy Kelly, in her article “ Eleanor of Aquitaine and her Courts of Love ”, gives a very plausible description of the origins of the rules of Eleanor's court: “ in the Poitevin code, man is the property, the very thing of woman ; whereas a precisely contrary state of things existed in the adjacent realms of the two kings from whom the reigning duchess of Aquitaine was estranged .”

The Court, like most Imperial Courts, was considered a reflection of the ruler at its center and Elizabeth was said to be “ the laziest, most extravagant and most amorous of sovereigns .” Elizabeth was intelligent but lacked the discipline and early education necessary to flourish as an intellectual ; she found the reading of secular literature to be “ injurious to health .” She kind and warm-hearted for the emotions sake alone, once going so far as to offer to finance the reconstruction of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake destroyed the Portuguese city despite having and wanting no diplomatic relationship with the nation.

The Bankruptcy Courts are “ under ” the district courts, and as such are not considered part of the " Article III " judiciary and also as such their judges do not have lifetime tenure, nor are they Constitutionally exempt from diminution of their remuneration.

Kruger, Stephen, “ Supreme Courts as Courts of General Original Jurisdiction ” ( 2012 )

They suspected Anti-Treaty forces ( who had recently seized the Four Courts in Dublin ) might be responsible-this was in fact not the case-and thought the Irish Provisional Government “ should be pressed to deal with the matter ”.

* “ AIDS Assaults Courts Controversy with Andrew Cornell Robinson's Obscene Ceramics ”, SOWEBO, ACT UP Exhibition, Baltimore, MD.

“ Iran: Courts Summon Reformist Lawmakers .” The New York Times.

* “ Mitteilungen aus Pieter de la Courts Schriften.

Article 15 of the Constitution reads that it “ shall have supreme legal force and have direct effect, and shall be applicable throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation .” Courts are guided by the Constitution and it trumps federal and local laws.

The Courts have viewed the Due Process Clause, and sometimes other clauses of the Constitution, as embracing those fundamental rights that are “ implicit in the concept of ordered liberty .” Just what those rights are is not always clear, nor is the Supreme Court's authority to enforce such unenumerated rights clear.

Courts have viewed the Due Process Clause, and sometimes other clauses of the Constitution, as embracing those fundamental rights that are “ implicit in the concept of ordered liberty .” Just what those rights are is not always clear, nor is the Supreme Court's authority to enforce such unenumerated rights clear.

Held extra assignments as Custodian of Evacuee Properties in the Province of Sindh, Chairman, Special Court under Suppression of Terrorist Activities ( Special Courts ) Act, 1975 ; Special Appellate Court ( Customs ) and Chairman, Provincial Election Authority, Sindh ( for elections to the local bodies ), Member Syndicate, Senate and Election Board of Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Member of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi Board of Trustees, Election Tribunal appointed by Election Commission of Pakistan in respect of General Elections held in the year 1985. Participated in a programme titled “ Introduction to Computer and Technology in Courts ” at National Judicial College, Reno, Nevada, USA Chief Justice, High Court of Sindh, Karachi from 1989-1990. Elevated to Judge, Supreme Court of Pakistan from 1990-1994.

Courts have held that advertising is misleading if “ members of the public are likely to be deceived .” However, because of Proposition 64, the plaintiff now has to show that they were actually misled by the advertising and suffered an injury as a result.

Courts use various factors to determine the amount of the penalty, including “ the nature and seriousness of the misconduct, the number of violations, the persistence of the misconduct, the length of time over which the misconduct occurred, the willfulness of the defendant's misconduct, and the defendant's assets, liabilities, and net worth .” Civil penalties, up to $ 2, 500 for each violation, are allowed when a lawsuit is brought by an authorized government agency.

The court stated that it was its duty in such circumstances to punish the petitioners under the Contempt of Courts Act ; it must “ ensure that such unscrupulous and undesirable public interest litigation be not instituted in courts of law so as to waste the valuable time of the courts as well as preserve the faith of the public in the justice delivery system ”.

She knew “ everyone in the Courts and cabinets for thirty or forty years ”; she “ knew all the secret annals of diplomacy ”, wrote a French diplomat.

In 2005, the Supreme People's Court announced its intent to " back authority for death penalty approval " over concerns about “ sentencing quality ”, and the National People's Congress officially changed the Organic Law on the People's Courts requiring all death sentences to be approved by the Supreme People's Court on 31 October 2006.

Sir George Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal from 1871-1874, intended “ to render the heads of districts no longer the drudges of many departments and masters of none, but in fact the general controlling authority over all departments in each district ... he has, therefore, striven to make the Magistrate-Collector of a great Bengal district, generally comprising one and a half to two and a half millions of inhabitants, the real executive chief and administrator of the tract of county committed to him, and supreme over everyone and everything except the proceedings of the Courts of Justice.

In terms of the Sheriff Courts ( Scotland ) Act 1971 sheriffs principal are charged with a number of duties in respect of the courts for which they are responsible, including in particular a duty “ to secure the speedy and efficient disposal of business in the sheriff courts of that sheriffdom ”.