In that event, we can correctly say that we have received an authoritative interpretation of the matter, and one which we can follow statewide with confidence that the policy will not be overthrown in other Superior Courts.

Narayanan – AIR India Reporter 1988 Court Page No. 1381 ; 1988 Volume No. 3 SCC Court Cases Page No. 366 ; 1988 PLJR 78 – Although an affidavit may be taken as proof of the facts stated therein, the Courts have no jurisdiction to admit evidence by way of affidavit.

Courts in the United States and the United Kingdom have rejected the doctrine of a common law copyright.

Judges from the Court of Final Appeal, High Court, District Courts along with members from the various tribunals and Coroner's Court all have the power to impose immediate punishments for contempt in the face of the court, derived from legislation or through common law:

Magistrates ' Courts are not superior courts of record, but nonetheless have powers granted under the Contempt of Court Act 1981.

Courts have ruled as excessive and invalidated damages which the parties contracted as liquidated, but which the court nonetheless found to be penal.

In England and Wales ( which have the same legal system ), minor criminal cases are heard without a jury in the Magistrates ' Courts.

Courts have ruled this admissible as long as the original waiver is said and the " translation " is recorded either on paper or on tape.

* S. M. Stirling's Lords of Creation series includes In the Courts of the Crimson Kings, in which Mars ( as well as Venus ) have been terraformed by unknown aliens over the course of hundreds of millions of years and seeded with all kinds of terrestrial life.

Other sites from the defunct Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts chain in Chattanooga, Memphis and Dallas have simply been demolished.

Thus, a federal district court that falls within the geographic boundaries of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals is bound by rulings of the Third Circuit Court, but not by rulings in the Ninth Circuit, since the Circuit Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction defined by geography.

Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process:

Finally, if all possible rightful orders of primogeniture and representation have been exhausted, then the General Courts will select a successor in the way that best suits the interest of Spain.

Courts have not yet had to decide whether advertisers can be held liable for spyware that displays their ads.

Courts have developed a number of exceptions to the warrant requirement:

Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person ’ s home ( unlike a person's open fields ) under the Fourth Amendment.

" The U. S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion.

U. S. Courts of Appeals, in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District, Herndon v. Chapel Hill, and Steirer v. Bethlehem School District, have ruled that the use of community service as a high school graduation requirement did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment.

Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: " Indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law.

Courts in New York, North Carolina, and Virginia have ruled that, under applicable state law, ULC ministers are not authorized to solemnize marriages and a marriage at which a ULC minister officiated therefore is not valid.

The law courts have since moved to the Royal Courts of Justice, close to the border of the City of London.

3 ( a )( 10 ) of the 34 act ) the US Courts have developed a broad definition for securities that must then be registered with the SEC.

Courts sometimes have to attribute a conjunctive ( X ' and ' Y ) intention to the legislature even though the list is disjunctive ( X ' or ' Y ) because, otherwise, no overall interpretation of the law in question would make sense.

Courts martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury.

Unlike the state supreme court, the Courts of Appeal have mandatory review jurisdiction under the informal legal tradition in common law countries that all litigants are entitled to at least one appeal.

There are three sources of Law: Acts of Parliament called Statutes, Statutory Regulations ( made by a Secretary of State under an Act of Parliament ) and Case Law ( developed by various Courts ).

The constitutional crisis initially developed when the newly appointed Attorney General refused to grant permission for the Nevis Island Administration to assert its legal right in the Courts.

In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts ( 1864 – 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ).

As a result, a two tiered legal system developed: The Ecclesiastic Courts and the Common Law Courts.

Due to the odd nature of the Lord Chancellor's Office compared to other government departments ( it was staffed almost entirely by lawyers and had an initial staff of only five ) it developed slightly differently to other departments, regarding itself more as a lobbying organisation for the Judges and the Courts than a traditional government department.

Courts in the United States and elsewhere have developed a number of principles for handling such evidence of legislative intent ; as an example, many courts have suggested that the comments of those opposing a bill under consideration should be treated with skepticism, on the principle that opponents of a bill may often exaggerate its practical consequences.

The sect developed a complex internal structure divided into six " Courts ": Executive, Meditation, Fuji ( planchette writing ), Scriptures, Philanthropic Works, and Preaching.

Situated between the Royal Courts at Richmond and Hampton Court, the predominantly agricultural area developed from the beginning of the 17th century, dominated by Ham House, the best preserved survivor of the period.

The Government White Paper " Justice for all ", published in 2002, recommended that a single agency should be developed to support the delivery of justice in all courts in England and Wales, instead of the Magistrates ' Courts Service and the Court Service being administered separately.

Courts and scholars have recently developed market-based approaches to try to make this analysis simpler, more consistent across cases, and more predictable.

The old Exchange station was demolished soon afterwards and was used for a time as a car park ; the site now houses Bradford Crown Court and is due to be developed as a ' Justice Quarter ' with new Magistrates ' and Coroner's Courts.

The Koori Courts are an initiative of the Victorian Aboriginal Justice Agreement, a joint partnership strategy between the Victorian Government and the Victorian Koori Community developed to reduce Indigenous over-representation in the criminal justice system and to improve justice outcomes for the Koori Community.

Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions.

Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions.

Southwark was also the location of several prisons, including those of the Crown or ' Prerogative Courts ', the Marshalsea and King's Bench prisons, that of the local manors courts e. g. Borough Compter, The Clink, and the Surrey county gaol originally housed at the ' White Lion Inn ' ( also called informally the ' Borough Gaol ') and eventually at Horsemonger Lane Gaol.

The town of Madrid, which was one of the eighteen cities with the right to vote in the Courts of Castile, was seat of the Courts themselves on several occasions and was the residence of several monarchs, amongst them the emperor Charles I who reformed and expanded the Alcázar or Castle of the city.

The Netherlands is home to several International Courts.

Interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's enforcement provision has been the subject of several important Supreme Court cases, which reflect the tension between the Courts ' role of interpreting the Constitution and Congress's power of adopting legislation to enforce specific Constitutional amendments.

Within each sheriffdom there are several Sheriff Courts ; each court has at least one courtroom and at least one Sheriff ( technically a Sheriff Depute ).

The Division hears cases from the High Court of Justice, County Courts and several tribunals.

Swiss Guard units similar to those of France were in existence at several other Royal Courts at the dates indicated below:

Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions.

The Secretary has several responsibilities under the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( UCMJ ) with respect to Air Force service members, including to authority to convene General Courts Martial and to commute sentences.

On the day after being sworn in, the Lord Mayor and several others participate in a procession from the City of London to the Royal Courts of Justice in the City of Westminster, where the Lord Mayor swears his allegiance to the Crown.

Others believe that, under Article II, the principal duty of the President is to execute the law ; that, under Article I, the law is what the lawmaker — e. g. Congress, in the case of statutory contempt — says it is and the Executive Branch cannot either define the meaning of the law ( such powers of legislation being reserved to Congress ) or interpret the law ( such powers being reserved to the several Federal Courts ); any attempt by the Executive to define or interpret the law would be a violation of the separation of powers ; the Executive may only — and is obligated to — execute the law consistent with its definition and interpretation ; and if the law specifies a duty on one of the President's subordinates, then the President must " take care " to see that the duty specified in the law is executed.

To avoid or neglect the performance of this duty would not be faithful execution of the law, and would thus be a violation of the separation of powers, which the Congress and the Courts have several options to remedy.

In Bangladesh, the word " tribunal " is used to refer the court which are formed for some special purposes. There are several tribunals in Bangladesh. These have been set up to ensure speedy trial and to reduce the congestion of the cases in the normal Courts. Beside this, Article 117 of the Constitution Of The People's Republic of Bangladesh empowers the parliament to set up one or more Administrative Tribunals by law. No Court can entertain any proceeding or make any order in respect of any matter falling within the jurisdiction of such tribunal.

To this end it controlled the Public Trust Office, the Courts Service, the Official Solicitor's Office, the Office of the Judge Advocate General, the Legal Aid Board and several more government agencies.

The British Journal reported that on 7 January 1727 she appeared at the Courts of Quarter Sessions at Westminster, charged " for being an abominable cheat and imposter in pretending to be delivered of several monstrous births ".

During World War II, the city built several large housing projects ( including Nickerson Gardens, Jordan Downs, and Imperial Courts ) for the thousands of new workers in war industries.

In 1830 he introduced several bills to Parliament following reports on the state of the Ecclesiastical Courts, common law courts and law of real property ; all were passed, except the ecclesiastical bills, as Parliament ran out of time to hear them.

He has been practicing law before the Supreme Court of India and several High Courts in the country since 1977.

The seal can be seen in its various incarnations near the entrances of a number of state buildings in downtown Sacramento, including the State Capitol ( as well as several inside of the Capitol, including an 1854 carving and a 1908 stained glass " sky " light ), Stanley Mosk Library and Courts I ( within the tympanum at 914 Capitol Mall ), Department of Rehabilitation ( 721 Capitol Mall, not to be confused the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation ), State Personnel Board ( 801 Capitol Mall ), Employment Development Department ( 722 / 800 Capitol Mall ), Resources Agency ( 1416 Ninth Street ), Secretary of State ( 1500 Eleventh Street ), CalTrans ( 1121 O Street ), Office of the State Fire Marshal ( 1131 S Street ), and the Department of Motor Vehicles ( 2415 First Avenue ).

* High Courts of India, several courts