Determining ownership in law involves determining who has certain rights and duties over the property.

Determining Y-chromosomal Adam's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other — the lineages that share the least unique mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a phylogenetic tree.

Determining overhead costs often involves making assumptions about what costs should be associated with production activities and what costs should be associated with other activities.

Determining that a risk has been reduced to ALARP involves an assessment of the risk to be avoided, of the sacrifice ( in money, time and trouble ) involved in taking measures to avoid that risk, and a comparison of the two.

Determining the composition of the Memorial depends on the dates of Nehemiah's mission: It is commonly accepted that " Artaxerxes " was Artaxerxes I ( there were two later kings of the same name ), and that Nehemiah's first period in Jerusalem was therefore 445-433 BC ; allowing for his return to Susa and second journey to Jerusalem, the end of the 5th century BC is therefore the earliest possible date for the Memorial.

Now we consider the set of all normal sets, R. Determining whether R is normal or abnormal is impossible: If R were a normal set, it would be contained in the set of normal sets ( itself ), and therefore be abnormal ; and if R were abnormal, it would not be contained in the set of all normal sets ( itself ), and therefore be normal.

Determining the distinction between elliptical galaxies and lenticular galaxies often relies on the measurements of velocity dispersion ( σ ), rotational velocity ( v ), and ellipticity ( ε ).

Determining whether any changes have been made to a message ( or a file ), for example, can be accomplished by comparing message digests calculated before, and after, transmission ( or any other event ).

This new system integrates with the various LTA's traffic management existing systems, such as the Green Link Determining System ( GLIDE ), TrafficScan, Expressway Monitoring Advisory System ( EMAS ), Junction Electronic Eyes ( J-Eyes ), and the Electronic Road Pricing system.

Determining the QR decomposition of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix costs operations .< ref > James M. Ortega and Henry F. Kaiser, " The LL < sup > T </ sup > and QR methods for symmetric tridiagonal matrices ," The Computer Journal 6 ( 1 ), 99 – 101 ( 1963 ).</ ref >

* Verdoorn, J. P. ( 1949 ), “ On the Factors Determining the Growth of Labor Productivity ,” in L. Pasinetti ( ed.

This is operated by the Royal Artillery as an Artillery Observation Post Vehicle ( OPV ) and is fitted with mast-mounted Man-packable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar ( MSTAR ) and Position and Azimuth Determining System ( PADS ), with Image Intensifying and Infra Red equipment.

Determining the substance ingested is often complicated by the body's natural processes ( see ADME ), as it is rare for a chemical to remain in its original form once in the body.

* Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees ( See Paragraph 171 )

Determining the satisfiability of a formula in which each clause is a Horn clause ( i. e. it contains at most one positive literal ) is P-complete ; this problem is called Horn-satisfiability.

Determining styles in capoeira is a very tough task, since there was never a unity in the original capoeira, or a teaching method before the decade of 1920.

Determining an instance of the membership problem ; i. e. given a string, determine whether where is the language generated by some grammar ; is also known as parsing.

Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance.

Determining a " country of origin " is thus much more difficult than determining other aspects of a gem ( such as cut, clarity etc.

Determining the presence of both parts of this definition is not always straightforward, as hypoglycemic symptoms and effects are vague and can be produced by other conditions ; people with recurrently low glucose levels can lose their threshold symptoms so that severe neuroglycopenic impairment can occur without much warning, and many measurement methods ( especially glucose meters ) are imprecise at low levels.

* Determining the water balance of a region.

* Determining the agricultural water balance.

Determining how many people died in these massacres overall is difficult.

Determining a precise value for a particular knot is difficult because many factors can affect a knot efficiency test: the type of fiber, the style of rope, the size of rope, whether it is wet or dry, how the knot is dressed before loading, how rapidly it is loaded, whether the knot is repeatedly loaded, and so on.

Determining whether a particular event or proceeding constitutes the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings requires both an examination of the rules of criminal procedure for the jurisdiction in which the crime is charged and the Supreme Courts cases dealing with the issue of when formal prosecution begins.

* Leading / directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it.

Determining the distances to astronomical objects is crucial to understanding them, but the vast majority of objects are too far away for their distances to be directly determined.

Determining if the customer is likely to return to reclaim an item is a subjective decision, and wily customers may attempt to persuade the pawnshop owner that the item in question is important to them (" that necklace belonged to my grandmother, so I will certainly return for it "), and they will claim that they will return to recover it.

Determining the redshift of an object in this way requires a frequency-or wavelength-range.

Determining what exactly separates a short story from longer fictional formats is problematic.

Determining the sequence is therefore useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects.

Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence ( often one end ) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.

* Determining and prioritizing security needs and aligning them with the perceived threats and the available budget.

Determining the temperature of a pot of hot liquid required the user to leave the thermometer in the hot liquid until after reading it.

Freenet works by storing small encrypted snippets of content distributed on the computers of its users and connecting only through intermediate computers which pass on requests for content and sending them back without knowing the contents of the full file, similar to how routers on the Internet route packets without knowing anything about files — except with caching, a layer of strong encryption, and without reliance on centralized structures.

In packet switching networks, routing directs packet forwarding, the transit of logically addressed packets from their source toward their ultimate destination through intermediate nodes, typically hardware devices called routers, bridges, gateways, firewalls, or switches.

In computer networking, hop count refers to the intermediate devices ( like routers ) through which data must pass between source and destination, rather than flowing directly over a single wire.

Both routers and bridges are capable of managing hop counts, but other types of intermediate devices ( like hubs ) are not.

Packet mode communication may be utilized with or without intermediate forwarding nodes ( packet switches or routers ).

The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate routers, whereas the data link layer is responsible for media access control, flow control and error checking.

This allows intermediate routers that support ECN to mark those IP packets with the CE codepoint instead of dropping them in order to signal impending congestion.

When more packets were sent than could be handled by intermediate routers, the intermediate routers discarded many packets, expecting the end points of the network to retransmit the information.

Without a keepalive signal intermediate NAT-enabled routers can drop the connection after timeout.

This provides improvements in speed as traffic travels directly between the parties and reduces load on the network by reducing the need for traffic to be duplicated through one or more intermediate ISP routers.

This provides improvements in speed as traffic travels directly between the parties and reduces load on the network by reducing the need for traffic to be duplicated through one or more intermediate ISP routers.