During World War I, Pacelli maintained the Vatican's registry of prisoners of war and worked to implement papal relief initiatives.

During the reign of Pope Innocent X ( 1644 – 55 ), who was hostile to the Barberini and their adherents, Rospigliosi continued his appointment as papal nuncio to the court of Spain.

During the pontificate of Pope Constantine Gregory was made a papal secretary, and accompanied him to Constantinople in 711 to deal with the issues raised by Rome ’ s rejection of the canons of the Quinisext Council.

During what is known as the Little Ice Age, Innocent VIII, in his papal bull Summis desiderantes ( 5 December 1484 ) instigated severe measures against magicians and witches in Germany.

During the reign of the sickly Gregory XIV, who suffered from bouts of malaria, the burden of the papal administration rested on his shoulders.

During his third visit to Rome in 737 – 38, he was made papal legate for Germany.

During his brief pontificate, Leo granted the canons of Bologna a special papal bull ( epistola tuitionis ) where he exempted them from the payment of taxes.

During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal infallibility.

During papal audiences, he would gather children around him and talk to them about things that interested them.

During the Acacian schism, Gelasius affirmed the primacy of Rome over the entire Church, East and West, and he presented this doctrine in terms that set the model for subsequent popes asserting the claims of papal supremacy, due to the succession of the Roman Popes from the Apostle Peter.

During this Avignon Papacy, local despots took advantage of the absence of the popes, to establish themselves in nominally papal cities: the Pepoli in Bologna, the Ordelaffi in Forlì, the Manfredi in Faenza, the Malatesta in Rimini all gave nominal acknowledgement to their papal overlords and were declared vicars of the Church.

Antichristus ( 1521 ) by Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance. During this period the city of Avignon itself was added to the Papal States ; it remained a papal possession even after the popes returned to Rome, being seized and incorporated into the by then unitary French state only during the French Revolution.

During the Renaissance, the papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Popes Alexander VI and Julius II.

During the Middle Ages, some councils were legatine, called by a papal legate rather than the pope or bishop.

During this period a team of painters that included Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli and Domenico Ghirlandaio created a series of frescoed panels depicting the life of Moses and the life of Christ, offset by papal portraits above and trompe l ’ oeil drapery below.

During the 10th and the 11th centuries, the city strengthened its link with the papal court: In fact, the popes began to consider the old capital city of the Hernici a safer and healthier spot compared to Rome, which was the place of frequent epidemic diseases.

During his concluding years the archbishop appears to have upheld the papal authority in England, although not to the injury of the English Church.

During the 13th century two events happened which destroyed this form of legal education: first, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London, and secondly a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law.

During the 13th century two events happened which destroyed this form of legal education ; first, a papal bull of 1207 that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law, and secondly, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London.

During the 13th century, two events happened that destroyed this form of legal education ; firstly, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London, and secondly a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law.

During the absence of the papal court in Avignon, it was prey to the struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines, until in 1354 Cardinal Albornoz brought it once more under the authority of the Papal States.

During the following summer King Amalric II of Jerusalem intervened ; accompanied by the papal legate, cardinal Sofred of Saint-Praxedis, the masters of the Hospital and the Temple, and the high barons of the kingdom, he induced Leo to grant a short truce.

During the 10th century, their territory was conquered by another West Slavic tribe, the Polans settling in the adjacent Greater Polish land around Poznań and Gniezno and upon the death of Duke Mieszko I of Poland in 992, the Kujawy lands were part of his Civitas Schinesghe as circumscribed in the Dagome iudex papal regesta.

During the long strife over the temporalities of the Gallican Church between Louis XIV and Innocent XI, Père de la Chaise supported the royal prerogative, though he used his influence at Rome to conciliate the papal authorities.

During this conclave the Hands of the Cause decided that the situation of the Guardian having died without being able to appoint a successor was a situation not dealt with in the texts that define the Bahá ' í administration, and that it would need to be reviewed and adjudicated upon by the Universal House of Justice, which hadn't been elected yet.

During the conclave, he had been hostile to Chigi's election, but was in the end compelled to accept him as a compromise.

During the August conclave, Benelli supported Albino Luciani, the eventual winner.

During the conclave, no cardinal was to receive any ecclesiastical revenue.

During a conclave year, delegates representing all of the active chapters from within the seven regions of the Fraternity meet in the chosen city.

* During the conclave of 1963, he silenced Giovanni Battista Cardinal Montini after the latter proposed to withdraw his candidacy in order to avoid a prolonged deadlock.

* During the conclave of August 1978, Pignedoli sat to the right of the altar in the Sistine Chapel.

During the time of the so-called " Rewarding Truce ", which encompassed the 17 years from the end of the Ten Years ' War in 1878, fundamental changes took place in Cuban society.

During this golden era of Galveston's history, the city was home to a number of state firsts that include among others the first post office ( 1836 ), the first naval base ( 1836 ), the first Texas chapter of a Masonic order ( 1840 ); the first cotton compress ( 1842 ), the first parochial school ( Ursuline Academy ) ( 1847 ), the first insurance company ( 1854 ), the first gas lights ( 1856 ), the first opera house ( 1870 ), the first orphanage ( 1876 ), the first telephone ( 1878 ) and the first electric lights ( 1883 ).

During 1878 the price decreased to 46 shillings, 5 pence.

During the month of February 1878, the people of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Rocky Hill brought an evangelist, Miss Lizzie Sharp, to conduct revival meetings in their church.

During the winter of 1878 and 1879 he rode his horse north on the frozen Tongue River to hunt buffalo in the Yellowstone River Country.

During the specie suspension from 1862 to 1878 western states used the gold dollar as a unit of account whenever possible and accepted greenbacks at a discount wherever they could.

During its development from 1870 to 1878, there were various designs for brakes, most of them operating on the rear wheel.

During the Afghan campaigns ( 1878 – 80 ) the Nawab placed the entire resources of his State at the disposal of the British Indian Government, and a contingent of his troops was employed in keeping open communications, and in guarding the Dera Ghazi Khan frontier.

During the 19th century, the arrondissement hosted no less than five Universal Exhibitions ( 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900 ) that have immensely impacted its cityscape, the Eiffel Tower and the Orsay building have been built for these Exhibitions ( respectively in 1889 and 1900 ).

During a Cabinet meeting on 7 March 1878, a discussion arose over whether to occupy Mytilene.

During the eight-month long Kanak insurrection in 1878, the Communards displayed a solidarity with their effort in the local press.

During the 1860s, Patti possessed a sweet, high-lying voice of birdlike purity and remarkable flexibility which was ideal for such parts as Zerlina, Lucia and Amina ; but, as Verdi noted in 1878, her lower notes gained fullness and beauty when she grew older, enabling her to excel in weightier fare.

During 1878 tensions between Britain and Russia, for example, Canada constructed a few limited defences but did little else.

During the latter part of the 19th century and in the 20th century, other Grandes écoles were established so as to further develop education in newer fields of sciences and technologies, including École nationale supérieure des télécommunications ( 1878 ), Hautes Études Commerciales ( 1881 ), École supérieure d ' électricité ( 1894 ) and Supaero ( 1909 ).

During 1878 Parnell also met with leading members of the Irish American Fenians.

During the meeting in Prizren a kararname was signed by 47 beys in June 18, 1878.

During the nineteenth century, Afghanistan was invaded twice from British India, during the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838 – 1842 and again in the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878 – 1880, both times with the intention of limiting Russian influence in the country and quelling local tribal leaders.

* John H. Tice, in A new system of meteorology, designed for schools and private students ( 1878 ), wrote During this battle, the dreaded, disagreeable and destructive Northeaster rages over the New England, the Middle States, and southward.

During the heated parliamentary sessions of late September 1878, he helped swing the vote in favor of the annexation, with speeches which also helped transform the public's mood, and which promised a swift process of Romanianization.

During his stays in Paris, Vikelas embarked on translating Shakespeare plays into Greek: King Lear, Romeo and Juliet and Othello during his wife's first stay ( 1878 ), and Macbeth and Hamlet during the second ( 1881 ).

During the winter of 1878, Swift Runner and his family were starving, and his eldest son died.

During his last year at the Académie in 1878 – 1879 he neglected his classes in Brussels and lived for a while in Passy, were he visited the Cours Libres of Jules Joseph Lefebvre at the Académie Julian.

During the centuries of Ottoman rule the Sanjak of Novi Pazar was a part of the Province of Bosnia before coming under the Kosovo Province in 1878.

During the Romanian rule of southernmost Bessarabia ( 1856 – 1878 ), they supported Bulgarian schools in their settlements and participated in the Bulgarian national movement.

During his term in the Senate, Merrimon gained a reputation as " one of the bitterest partisan Democrats in Congress " ( New York Times, 14 October 1878 ).