The National Meteorological Services of Member States and Co-operating States use ECMWF ’ s products for their own national duties, in particular to give early warning of potentially damaging severe weather.

ECMWF was established in 1975, in recognition of the need to pool the scientific and technical resources of Europe ’ s meteorological services and institutions for the production of medium-range weather forecasts and of the economic and social benefits expected from it.

In particular, ECMWF ’ s emphasis on the provision of reliable predictions of severe weather can be seen as a key contribution to help society adapt to the dangers and threats associated with global warming.

Also scientists and researchers around the world use ECMWF ’ s forecast products to monitor the environment and analyse climate change.

The ECMWF strategy puts the early warning of severe weather as its principal goal.

ECMWF uses the computer modelling technique of numerical weather prediction ( NWP ) to forecast the weather from its present measured state.

ECMWF, through its partnerships with EUMETSAT, ESA, the EU and the European Science community has established a leading position for Europe in the exploitation of satellite data for operational numerical weather prediction, and in the exploitation of satellite data for operational seasonal forecasting with coupled atmosphere-ocean-land models.

The ECMWF is best known in the United States for its global operational forecast model, known officially as the " Integrated Forecast System " but usually known informally as the " ECMWF " or " Euro ".

Since 2006, the HIRLAM cooperation has shifted its focus to the development of meso-scale ( convection-permitting ) numerical weather prediction system ( HARMONIE ) through close collaboration with ALADIN consortium ( led by Meteo France ) and ECMWF ( European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting ).

ECMWF is renowned worldwide as providing the most accurate medium-range global weather forecasts to 15 days and seasonal forecasts to 12 months.

To date, and with support from Europe's National Meteorological Services and the European Commission, ECMWF has conducted two major reanalyses of the global atmosphere: the first ECMWF re-analysis ( ERA-15 ) project generated reanalyses from December 1978 to February 1994 ; the ERA-40 project generated reanalyses from September 1957 to August 2002.

* Integrated Forecast System a global meteorological model developed by ECMWF.

Currently, the output from the ECMWF, UK Met Office ( UKMO ), CMA, Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ), National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP-USA ), Meteorological Service of Canada ( CMC ), Bureau of Meteorology Australia ( BOM ), Centro de Previsao Tempo e Estudos Climaticos Brazil ( CPTEC ), Korea Meteorological Administration ( KMA ), and MeteoFrance ( MF ) global models, totaling 440 GB / day, is moved at up to 30 GB / hour to NCAR ( Realtime Statistics ).

The ECMWF model runs every 12 hours and forecasts out to 10 days.

Surface pressure forecasts are issued three times per day, with temperature and probability of precipitation products issued twice per day, using guidance from the NWS medium range forecast model ( GFS ) as well as models from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting ( ECMWF ), the United Kingdom's Meteorology Office ( UKMET ), Canadian model, the Navy NOGAPS model, and ensemble guidance from the GFS, ECMWF, Canadian, and North American Ensemble Forecast System ( NAEFS ).

Starting in 1992 with ensemble forecasts prepared by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF ) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, model ensemble forecasts have been used to help define the forecast uncertainty and to extend the window in which numerical weather forecasting is viable farther into the future than otherwise possible.

These products are issued twice daily using guidance from the NWS's Global Forecast System ( GFS ) and North American Mesoscale Model ( NAM ), as well as guidance from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF ), the United Kingdom's Met Office ( UKMET ), the Meteorological Service of Canada, including ensembles.

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF ) is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by 19 European Member States and 15 Co-operating States.

ECMWF continuously endeavours to improve the use of satellite observations for NWP.

ECMWF makes significant contributions to support research on climate variability.

ECMWF has pioneered an innovative approach known as reanalysis, which involves feeding weather observations collected over decades into a NWP system to recreate past atmospheric, sea-and land-surface conditions over specific time periods to obtain a clearer picture of how the climate has changed.

The ECMWF model is primarily used as comparison against the Global Forecast System, which is based in the United States and is run by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.

However, unlike the GFS, which is in the public domain under provisions of United States law, the ECMWF model is proprietary and copyrighted.

Nonetheless, a limited amount of output from the model has been publicly released through both the ECMWF and various sites.

ECMWF can contribute to the development of strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

Since ECMWF runs a wave model, there are also predictions of coastal waves and storm surges in European waters which can be used to provide warnings.

Currently the ECMWF runs at resolution as opposed to the scale used by typical climate models.

Centers such as ECMWF show instantaneous map of their coverage ; or the Hadley Centre show the coverage for the average of the year 2000.

The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry ’ s image and help mediate labor disputes.

The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines psychological altruism as " a motivational state with the goal of increasing another ’ s welfare ".

Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, which refers to the motivation to increase one ’ s own welfare.

One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, " motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one ’ s own life and existence ".

Another way is merely " one of the many modern substitutes for love, ... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people ’ s business.

* David Firestone-When Romney ’ s Reach Exceeds His Grasp-Mitt Romney quotes the song

" Swift extends the metaphor to get in a few jibes at England ’ s mistreatment of Ireland, noting that " For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.

George Wittkowsky argued that Swift ’ s main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.

In response, Swift ’ s Modest Proposal was " a burlesque of projects concerning the poor ", that were in vogue during the early 18th century.

Critics differ about Swift ’ s intentions in using this faux-mathematical philosophy.

Charles K. Smith argues that Swift ’ s rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish.

Swift ’ s specific strategy is twofold, using a " trap " to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, " details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty " but feels emotion solely for members of his own class.

Swift ’ s use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator ’ s cool approach towards them create " two opposing points of view " that " alienate the reader, perhaps unconsciously, from a narrator who can view with ' melancholy ' detachment a subject that Swift has directed us, rhetorically, to see in a much less detached way.

Once the children have been commodified, Swift ’ s rhetoric can easily turn " people into animals, then meat, and from meat, logically, into tonnage worth a price per pound ".

Swift uses the proposer ’ s serious tone to highlight the absurdity of his proposal.

In making his argument, the speaker uses the conventional, text book approved order of argument from Swift ’ s time ( which was derived from the Latin rhetorician Quintilian ).

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

Johnson notes Swift ’ s obvious affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works A Modest Proposal and Apology.

He reminds readers that " there is a gap between the narrator ’ s meaning and the text ’ s, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody ".