Electron microscopes are used to observe a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals.

Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain, but the capital and running costs of confocal light microscope systems now overlaps with those of basic electron microscopes.

Electron microscopes quickly became popular following the Second World War.

Electron beam excitation is used in electron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes ( SEM ) and scanning transmission electron microscopes ( STEM ).

Transmission Electron Micrograph of DislocationsSome microscopes also permit the in-situ heating and / or deformation of samples, thereby permitting the direct observation of dislocation movement and their interactions.

Electron optics calculations are, besides other uses, needed for electron microscopes and are also crucial for the design of modern particle accelerators.

Electron spectrometers are used on a range of scientific equipment, including particle accelerators, transmission electron microscopes, and astronomical satellites.

Electron microscopes, mass spectrometry and various forensic techniques allowed scientists unique glimpses of the state of health in Egypt 4000 years ago.

* Electron Microscopy Technique: after embedding tissues in epoxy resin, a microtome equipped with a glass or gem grade diamond knife is used to cut very thin sections ( typically 60 to 100 nanometer ).

Experimentally EBSD is conducted using a Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ) equipped with an EBSD detector containing at least a phosphor screen, compact lens and low light CCD camera chip.

At its peak, the Electron was the third best selling micro in the United Kingdom, and total lifetime game sales for the Electron exceeded those of the BBC Micro.

There are at least 500 known games for the Electron and the true total is probably in the thousands.

The Electron was developed during 1983 as a cheap sibling for the BBC Micro with the intention of capturing the low-cost Christmas sales market for that year.

By providing extra storage this modification also allowed some games and applications intended for the BBC Micro to function on the Electron despite the lack of a native Mode 7.

Although cheap and effective in enabling use of some software that only used official ROM entry points for text output, this solution proved very slow because the Electron had to be placed into an 80-byte-pitch display to be able to get anywhere near to reproducing mode 7 and the CPU spent a lot of time drawing approximations of mode 7 characters and graphics that in a hardware solution would be achieved without any CPU processing.

During the latter years, PMS produced a 2nd Processor specifically for the Electron.

The Electron is widely misquoted as operating at 1. 79 MHz after measurements derived from speed testing against the thoroughly 2 MHz BBC Micro for various pieces of ' common software '

Although not as well supported by the biggest software publishers as rivals like the Commodore 64 and Sinclair ZX Spectrum, a good range of games were available for the Electron.

There were around 1, 400 games released for the Acorn Electron, several thousand extra public domain titles were released on disc through Public Domain libraries.

See also the list of Acorn Electron games for a fairly comprehensive list of games published for the machine and: Category: BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games for a list of games with information on Wikipedia.

* BARREL ( Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses ), a NASA mission

Three Electron guns ( for red, green, and blue phosphor dots ) 2.

There are a number of common, standard and manufacturer-driven numbering and coding schemes for diodes ; the two most common being the EIA / JEDEC standard and the European Pro Electron standard:

The European Pro Electron coding system for active components was introduced in 1966 and comprises two letters followed by the part code.

Electron counting is a formalism used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting electronic structure and bonding.

* Gauntlet ( Micro Power video game ), 1984 Defender clone for the Acorn Electron, BBC Micro and Amstrad CPC computers

Electron beam lithography is also important commercially, primarily for its use in the manufacture of photomasks.

Electron beam tomography is a specific form of CT in which a large enough X-ray tube is constructed so that only the path of the electrons, traveling between the cathode and anode of the X-ray tube, are spun using deflection coils.

Electron densities are often probed with X-ray diffraction scans, where X-rays of a suitable wavelength are targeted towards a sample and measurements are made over time to represent, probabilistically, where electrons can be found, from these positions molecular structures can often be determined for crystallized systems.

Siegbahn obtained the Nobel Prize for developing the method of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis ( ESCA ), now usually described as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ).

Techniques include Energy Dispersive and Wave Length Dispersive X-ray technology and Electron Backscatter Diffraction.

Electron microprobe analysis of individual grains as well as whole rock chemical analysis by atomic absorption or X-ray fluorescence are used in a modern petrographic lab.

Electron beam tomography ( EBT ) is a specific form of computed tomography ( CAT or CT ) in which the X-ray tube is not mechanically spun in order to rotate the source of X-ray photons.

Among the quantitative techniques, the most widely used is X-ray diffraction using texture goniometers, followed by EBSD-method ( electron backscatter diffraction ) in Scanning Electron Microscopes.

Electron beam lithography was most popular during the 1970s, but was replaced in popularity by X-ray lithography during the 1980s and early 1990s, and then by EUV lithography from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s.

Electron beam and nanoimprint lithography are limited mainly by the throughput, while EUV and X-ray lithography are limited by implementation and operation costs.

* Electron energy loss spectroscopy ( EELS )

* Electron spin resonance or electron paramagnetic resonance, a technique used in chemical spectroscopy to identify unpaired electrons and free radicals

Egerton " Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM " ( 25 pages ) Rep. Prog.

* Electron absorption spectroscopy

* Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, a technique for studying chemical species that have one or more unpaired electrons

* Electron spectroscopy

Electron energy loss spectroscopy ( EELS ) as a STEM measurement technique made possible with the addition of an electron spectrometer.

* Electron energy loss spectroscopy ( EELS )

Electron paramagnetic resonance ( EPR ) or electron spin resonance ( ESR ) spectroscopy

# redirect Electron energy loss spectroscopy

* Electron energy loss spectroscopy