Abd-ar-Rahman III ( Abd al-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allāh ; ; 11 January 889 / 91 – 15 October 961 ) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba ( 912 – 961 ) of the Ummayad dynasty in al-Andalus.

Many of the Muslim elite, including Granada's former Emir Muhammad XII, who had been given the area of the Alpujarras mountains as a principality, found life under Christian rule intolerable and emigrated to Tlemcen in North Africa.

* The forces of Abdullah ibn Muhammad, Emir of Córdoba, defeat those of the rebel Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley in southern Spain.

* August – Abu Muhammad Lulu al-Kabir, Emir of Aleppo

On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Ferdinand II and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos (' The Catholic Monarchs '), after the last battle of the Granada War.

When the Hafsid Emir of Tunisia, Muhammad I al-Mustansir, who had put himself under James the Conqueror, died in 1277, Tunisia threw off the yoke of Aragonese suzerainty.

* Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi ( 844 – 912 ), seventh Emir of Córdoba

* Muhammad II of Aghlabids ( d. 875 ), eighth Emir of the Aghlabids in Ifriqiya ( 864 – 875 )

Finally, on January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile, who along with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon were known as the " Catholic Monarchs.

Post-medieval period: Aruj, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Muhyi ad Din ( father of Emir Abdelkader )

Referencing Ergun and Emir Caner's book Unveiling Islam, Vines said that " Allah is not Jehovah … Jehovah's not going to turn you into a terrorist that'll try to bomb people and take the lives of thousands and thousands of people ," and that " Christianity was founded by the virgin-born Jesus Christ " while " Islam was founded by Muhammad, a demon-possessed pedophile who had 12 wives, and his last one was a 9-year-old girl.

With Emir Sayf al-Din Salar he dominated the young Sultan al-Nassir Muhammad who, feeling distressed, moved to Al Karak and resigned in 1309.

The Darfuris were restive under Egyptian rule, but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, when in 1882 his Emir of Darfur, who was from the Southern Darfur Arab Rizeigat tribe led by Sheikh Madibbo, defeated the Ottoman forces led by Slatin Pasha ( that had just invaded Egypt earlier that year ) in Darfur.

Its local Emir Abu Nasr Mohammad, offered his services to the Sultan and his daughter to Mahmud's son, Muhammad.

Abdullah ibn Muhammad ( ‘ Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ; January 11, 844 – October 15, 912 ) of the Umayyad dynasty was the seventh Emir of Córdoba, reigning from 888 to 912 in the Al-Andalus ( Moorish Iberia ).

Emir Muhammad leaped on Musa's weakness, stripping him of his titles and restoring direct Cordoban control over the region.

In 1491, in preparation for an imminent transition to Castilian territory, the Treaty of Granada was signed by Emir Muhammad XII and the Queen of Castile, protecting the religious freedoms of the Jews and Muslims there.

3rd reign: Al-Nasir Muhammad had on his coins the following remarkable titles which are unique in Mamluk's history: " al-Sultan al-Malik al-Nasir Nasir al-Din wa al-Donia ( The Sultan King al-Nasir triumphant in faith and temporal world ) ", " al-Sultan al-Malik al-Azam ( The Greatest Sultan King )", " al-Sultan al-Malik Nasir al-Donya wa al-Din Qasim Amir al-Mu ' amimin ( The Sultan King triumphant in temporal world and in faith, the one who shares with the Emir of faithfuls ( the Caliph ))".

According to R. A. Caulk, Emir ' Abd Allah was the son of Muhammad ibn ` Ali ` Abd ash-Shakur by Kadija, the daughter of Emir ` Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad.

Muhammad ibn ' Ali ' Abd ash-Shakur was the Emir of Harar, Ethiopia ( 1856 – 1875 ).

Richard Pankhurst also notes that Emir Muhammad forbade his subjects from eating rice or dates, " declaring that they were suitable only for rulers.

" Two letters of Emir Muhammad survive, both dated 6 October 1875, to Ra ' uf Pasha, which discuss the terms of the city's surrender.

Abu ' abd Allah Muhammad XII Emir of Granada relinquishes the last Muslim controlled city in the Iberian Peninsula to the Christians and signs the Treaty of Granada.

In the Battle of Cabra ( 1079 ), El Cid rallied his troops and turned the battle into a rout of Emir Abdulallh of Granada and his ally García Ordóñez.

( See: Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III 912 ; the Granada massacre 1066 ).

* January 2 – Boabdil, the last Moorish Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of Ferdinand and Isabella after a lengthy siege, ending the 10-year Granada War and the centuries-long Reconquista which brought an end to 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.

* Emir Ismael Abu-I-Walid orders the Jews of Granada, Spain to don the yellow badge.

Similarly, the memoirs of the Emir of Granada clearly indicate the existence of a relatively large rural Christian population in some parts of the Málaga region towards the end of the 11th century.

In 1099, the people of Granada, by order of the Almoravid Emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, acting on the advice of his Ulema, symbolically destroyed the main Mozarab church of the Christian community.

After 10 years of many battles the Granada War ended in 1492 when the Emir Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers.

; 1315 – 1326: Emir Ismael Abu-I-Walid forces the Jews of Granada to wear the yellow badge.

He founds of Taifa of Granada, and he declares himself as first Emir.

** Halevi becomes vizier to the Emir of Granada, as does his son, Jehoseph Ha-Nagid.

* 1073-The Emir of Granada rejects the Castilian demand for tribute, however, Abbad III al-Mu ' tamid, the Emir of Seville offers to pay instead.

Rodrigo Díaz, defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada, who was helped by the Castilian Count García Ordíñez.

Abu Hasan of Granada dies and Al-Zagal assumes title of Emir in late May ; Al-Zagal defeats a Christian foraging party from Alhama on his way to Granada.

* July 22 – Abdur Rahman Khan becomes Emir of Afghanistan.

* 796-Al-Hakam I, becomes Emir of Córdova.

* 822-Abd-ar-Rahman II becomes Emir of Córdoba.

** Muhammad I becomes Emir of Córdoba.

* 886-Al-Mundhir becomes Emir of Córdoba.

* 888-Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Emir of Córdoba.

* 912-Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Emir of Córdoba.

Emir Al-Mamun becomes a tributary of Castile.

* 756-The Umayyad Abd al-Rahman I defeats Yusuf al-Fihri and becomes Commander of al-Andalus Muslims, proclaiming himself Emir of Córdoba.

* 796-Al-Hakam I becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdoba.

* 822-Abd ar-Rahman II becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.

* 852-Muhammad I becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdova.

* 886-Al-Mundhir becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdoba.

* 888-Abdallah ibn Muhammad becomes Umayyad Emir of Córdoba.

* 912-Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba.